Abstract
The steep slope of the asymmetric Fano resonance offers potential for enhancing signal readout in compact photonic sensors across gas and liquid environments. However, achieving and controlling Fano resonance shapes on ultra-compact, fabrication-constrained platforms, particularly across variable claddings, remains challenging. We demonstrate a CMOS-compatible Si3N4 photonic platform based on a photonic crystal nanobeam (PhCN) side-coupled to a racetrack microring resonator (MRR), enabling engineered Fano resonances through passive geometric control. By varying the PhCN length and coupling gap, we systematically modulate the interference conditions that define resonance asymmetry and slope. Numerical and experimental results under both air and aqueous claddings show that the cladding-dependent modal transition, from leaky (air) to guided (liquid) backgrounds, enables robust, geometry-driven Fano behavior. A temporal coupled-mode theory model supports the results. The fabricated devices show steep asymmetric lineshapes, with \({Q}_{t}\)>5\(\cdot\)103, ER > 14dB (up to 20 dB maximum across all devices), \(q\) > 0.4, and slope responsivity >5 nm–1(or 40–50 dB/nm), all within a compact footprint of ~40 × 34 µm2. The performance is comparable to similar MRR-based Fano implementations. This work provides a reproducible strategy for slope-optimized, passive Fano devices suitable for intensity-based refractive index sensing in lab-on-chip systems operating under variable cladding conditions without requiring ultra-high \(Q\) or extreme ER. Thus, it serves as a design framework for future implementations.
Data availability
Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work has received support from CINECA award under the ISCRA initiative, for the availability of high-performance computing resources and support (projects ASTREA & METAFORE). The authors acknowledge TU Wien Bibliothek for financial support through its Open Access Funding Programme. In memory of Dr. Marco Grande, whose dedication, guidance, and legacy continue to inspire this work.
Funding
This research was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie, agreement No 860808 (OPTAPHI), the Science Foundation Ireland through IPIC, 12/RC/2276_P2, and received also support from the Horizon Europe RIA project MULTILAB (101135435).
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Mendoza-Castro, J., Vorobev, A.S., Iadanza, S. et al. Engineered fano resonances in a compact Si3N4 photonic crystal nanobeam-microring platform for multi-cladding environments. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35490-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35490-w
