Fig. 4

Comparison of maximal clique growth for the ideal (black) and original (red) networks for each city. For indicator construction, we integrate up to twice the maximum idealised time (grey markers). If the maximum travel time in the original network is smaller than twice the idealised value, we integrate to maximum travel time (e.g. Cairo, Dubai, London). This is the case for 11 of 42 networks, i.e. about a quarter.