Table 1 Children’s characteristics stratified by early (time to DC ≤ 2 h) and late DC (> 2 h) after hospital admission for severe traumatic brain injury in Germany, 2016–2022.
Total (N = 589), No.(%) | Early DC (n = 323), No.(%) | Late DC (n = 266), No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, median (IQR) | 12 (4–16) | 12 (3–16) | 11 (5–16) |
Age categories | |||
0–5 | 171 (29.0) | 96 (29.7) | 75 (28.2) |
6–12 | 121 (20.5) | 60 (18.6) | 61 (22.9) |
13–17 | 297 (50.4) | 167 (51.7) | 130 (48.9) |
Sex, male | 395 (67.1) | 220 (68.1) | 175 (65.8) |
LOS in days, median (IQR) | 17 (5–29) | 11 (2–23) | 21.5 (9–32) |
LOS in survivors, median (IQR)** | 22 (13–35) | 19 (11–33) | 24 (16–35) |
Transferred cases | 50 (8.4) | 27 (8.3) | 23 (8.6) |
In-hospital mortality | 163 (27.7) | 121 (37.5) | 42 (15.8) |
14-days In-hospital mortality, | 155 (26.3) | 116 (35.9) | 39 (14.7) |
Time to death after DC, median (IQR) | 2 (1–6) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (1–5) |
Mechanical ventilation (days), median (IQR)** | 7.5 (2.5–15.8) | 5 (1.7–12) | 10.8 (5.9–19) |
Serious extracranial injuries (AIS ≥ 3) | |||
Thorax | 195 (33.1) | 118 (36.5) | 77 (28.9) |
Abdomen | 28 (4.7) | 21 (6.5) | 7(2.6) |
Spine | 11 (1.9) | 6 (1.9) | 5 (1.8) |
Type of head injury | |||
EH (Epidural) | 166 (28.2) | 92 (28.5) | 74 (27.8) |
SH (Subdural) | 411 (69.8) | 231 (71.5) | 180 (67.7) |
SAH (Subarachnoid) | 223 (37.9) | 116 (35.9) | 107 (40.2) |
Brain oedema | 382 (64.8) | 210 (65.0) | 172 (64.7) |
Complications | |||
IHCA | 67 (11.4) | 35 (10.8) | 32 (12.0) |
OHCA | 20 (3.4) | 11 (3.4) | 9 (3.4) |
Coma | 184 (31.2) | 112 (34.7) | 72 (27.1) |
Seizure | 73 (12.4) | 34 (10.5) | 39 (14.7) |
Epilepsy | 18 (3.0) | 5 (1.5) | 13 (4.9) |
DIC | 30 (5.0) | 24 (7.4) | 6 (2.3) |
PCCC in survivors, median (IQR)** | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (0–3) |
Evacuation of hematoma | 373 (63.3) | 233 (72.1) | 140 (52.6) |
EVD | 126 (21.4) | 56 (17.3) | 70 (26.3) |
Preoperative | xx | xx | 41/70 (58.6) |
Intraoperative | 48 (38.1) | 32/56 (57.1) | 16/70 (22.8) |
Postoperative | xx | xx | 13/70 (18.6) |
Time to EVD (days), median (IQR) | 3.5 (1–47) | 2 (1-29.5) | 13 (1–73) |
ICP monitoring | 307 (52.1) | 153 (47.4) | 154 (57.9) |
Preoperative | 127 (41.3) | 7/153 (4.5) | 120/154 (77.9) |
Intraoperative | 159 (51.8) | 132/153 (86.3) | 27/154 (17.5) |
Postoperative | 21 (6.8) | 14/153 (9.2) | 7/154 (4.6) |
Time to ICP (minutes), median (IQR) | 84 (52–149) | 67 (38–105) | 120 (65–428) |
Tracheostomy ** | 117 (27.5) | 43(21.3) | 74(33.0) |
Gastrostomy** | 68(15.9) | 28(13.9) | 40(19.8) |
POFI, median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
ISS, median (IQR) | 13 (9–22) | 13 (9–22) | 13 (9–19) |
Single ICISS, median (IQR) | 0.67(0.56–0.77) | 0.62 (0.50–0.77) | 0.68 (0.56–0.77) |
Multiple ICISS, median (IQR) | 0.11(0.02–0.32) | 0.11 (0.02–0.31) | 0.13 (0.03–0.34) |
