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Prevalence of diabetes/prediabetes and their associated risk factors among adults with hypertension from iran: a nationwide study
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  • Published: 31 January 2026

Prevalence of diabetes/prediabetes and their associated risk factors among adults with hypertension from iran: a nationwide study

  • Mina Mirzad1 na1,
  • Ali Golestani1 na1,
  • Sepehr Khosravi1,
  • Nazila Rezaei1,
  • Nekoo Panahi2,
  • Mojtaba Lotfaliany3 &
  • …
  • Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy4 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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Subjects

  • Endocrinology
  • Risk factors

Abstract

The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is significantly increased when diabetes mellitus and hypertension coexist. Improving the clinical management of people with hypertension requires understanding the prevalence of diabetes in these patients. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5,935 adults with hypertension who participated in the STEPwise approach to non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factor surveillance (STEPS) 2021 of Iran. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or current use of anti-hyperglycemic medication. Prediabetes was defined as 100 ≤ FPG < 126 without current anti-hyperglycemic medication use. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or a history of anti-hypertensive treatment. Using logistic regression, we found characteristics associated with diabetes prevalence, while linear regression assessed the impact of diabetes status on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Survey weights were utilized to ensure representativeness. Among individuals with hypertension, 25.3% (95% CI: 23.69–26.92) had diabetes, and 29.7% (95% CI: 27.93–31.45) had prediabetes. Of the diabetic patients, 20.7% achieved good glycemic control, 50.3% had uncontrolled diabetes, 7.8% were untreated, and 21.2% were undiagnosed. Diabetes was significantly more prevalent in those with cardiovascular disease (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.14–1.84), chronic renal disease (1.74, 1.42–2.14), and dyslipidemia (1.83, 1.23–2.72). A positive family history of diabetes was significantly strong predictor (3.06, 2.53–3.69). Older age, urban residency, higher waist circumference, better diet quality, and hypertension treatment were also associated with increased diabetes risk. DBP was significantly lower in individuals with controlled diabetes (expected mean difference (EMD)= -2.52, 95% CI: -4.6 to -0.44) and treated but uncontrolled diabetes (EMD − 2.13, -3.77 to -0.48), while SBP was significantly higher in individuals with undiagnosed diabetes (EMD 4.76, 0.28–9.24). Diabetes and prediabetes are common among people with hypertension, with significant gaps in glycemic control. Early detection and improved management of both blood pressure and blood sugar levels are essential to reduce the burden of CVDs. Public health initiatives must prioritize targeted interventions for high-risk groups to effectively enhance diabetes management among individuals with hypertension.

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Data availability

The data of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ACE:

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

ARB:

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

AOR:

Adjusted Odds Ratio

BMI:

Body Mass Index

CKD:

Chronic Kidney Disease

CI:

Confidence Interval

CVDs:

Cardiovascular Diseases

CHD:

Coronary Heart Disease

DBP:

Diastolic Blood Pressure

DPP-4:

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4

eGFR:

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

EMD:

Expected mean difference

FBS:

Fasting Blood Sugar

FPG:

Fasting Plasma Glucose

GLP-1 RA:

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist

HbA1c:

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

HDL-C:

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

HTN:

Hypertension

LDL-C:

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

MR:

Mendelian Randomization

NCD:

Non-Communicable Diseases

NCEP ATP III:

National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III

OGTT:

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

SBP:

Systolic Blood Pressure

SGLT2-i:

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor

TC:

Total Cholesterol

TG:

Triglycerides

UACR:

Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio

WHO:

World Health Organization

GPAQ:

Global Physical Activity Questionnaire

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by I.R. Iran’s National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Contract NO: 241/M/9839. The authors wish to convey their appreciation to the Deputy of Research and Technology, the Deputy of Health at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, the National Institute of Health Research, the World Health Organization, and numerous other scholars and experts in pertinent fields. Furthermore, we express our gratitude to all participants, as well as the scientific and executive collaborators from several medical research colleges who facilitated this event. The authors express their gratitude to the workers of the Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, especially Dr. Yosra Azizpour, for their unwavering collaboration.

Funding

Grant IDs 1403-2-221-73074 from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, funded this study. No part of the study’s planning, execution, analysis, or manuscript preparation was influenced by the funders.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally to this work: Mina Mirzad and Ali Golestani.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mina Mirzad, Ali Golestani, Sepehr Khosravi & Nazila Rezaei

  2. Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nekoo Panahi

  3. the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia

    Mojtaba Lotfaliany

  4. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy

Authors
  1. Mina Mirzad
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Contributions

Conceptualization: O.T.-M., M.M., A.G., S.K.; Methodology: M.M., A.G., S.K., O.T.-M.; Formal analysis: M.M., A.G.; Investigation: N.R., M.M., A.G., S.K.; Resources: O.T.-M., N.R.; Data Curation: M.M., A.G.; Validation: M.M., A.G., 0.T.-M., N.R., N.P., M.L.; Writing - Original Draft: M.M., A.G.; Writing - Review and Editing: M.M., A.G., O.T.-M., S.K., N.R., N.P, M.L.; Supervision: O.T.-M.; Project administration: O.T.-M.; Funding acquisition: O.T.-M. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Proposal of the current study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IR.TUMS.EMRI.REC.1403.071).

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Mirzad, M., Golestani, A., Khosravi, S. et al. Prevalence of diabetes/prediabetes and their associated risk factors among adults with hypertension from iran: a nationwide study. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35998-1

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  • Received: 17 December 2024

  • Accepted: 09 January 2026

  • Published: 31 January 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35998-1

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Keywords

  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Epidemiology
  • Iran
  • STEPS survey
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