Fig. 1

Serial mediation of self-efficacy and quality of life in the effect of Group on Depression. This figure presents the serial mediation model showing the effects of Group on Depression through Self-efficacy and QOL. The standardized regression coefficients (B) are shown for each path. Significant paths are marked with *** (p < 0.001), indicating strong relationships between the variables. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.