Table 5 Relationships between quality of life-mediated self-efficacy and suicidal ideation.

Antecedent	Self-efficacy				QOL				Suicidal ideation
Antecedent	Coeff.	SE	t	p-value	Coeff.	SE	t	p-value	Coeff.	SE	t	p-value
VSS	-7.034	1.067	-6.591	< 0.001	-5.752	1.597	-3.603	< 0.001	− 0.010	0.281	− 0.034	0.973
Self-efficacy	-	-	-	-	0.758	0.114	6.651	< 0.001	0.005	0.022	0.203	0.840
QOL	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	− 0.075	0.015	-5.085	< 0.001
Constant	37.646	1.676	22.464	< 0.001	56.174	4.806	11.690	< 0.001	11.015	1.158	9.510	< 0.001
	R² = 0.252				R² = 0.459				R² = 0.688
	F = 43.436, p < 0.001				F = 54.316, p < 0.001				F = 93.405, p < 0.001

This figure presents the hierarchical regression analysis of the effects of Group, Self-efficacy, and Quality of Life (QOL) on Suicidal ideation. Three variables, Self-efficacy, QOL, and Group, are tested in relation to Suicidal ideation in the regression model. The t-values and p-values indicate the statistical significance of each path, with p < 0.001 showing strong relationships.VSS = visual snow syndrome; QOL = quality of life. Coefficients (Coeff.) and standard errors (SE) are presented for each path.

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