Table 10 Simulation results - data preprocessing impact on NASA dataset.

From: Real time fire and smoke detection using vision transformers and spatiotemporal learning

Model

Without preprocessing

With preprocessing

Proposed hybrid model

95.4%

99.2%

ResNet50

87.3%

90.5%

VGG16

83.5%

87.6%

LSTM

89.3%

91.3%

3D-CNNs

91.2%

94.7%

Hybrid ResNet50 + LSTM

93.0%

95.8%

Hybrid VGG16 + 3D-CNN

92.2%

95.2%