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Optimization of mechanical and durability performance of graphene nanoplatelet modified PVA fiber reinforced cementitious composites using response surface methodology
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  • Published: 19 January 2026

Optimization of mechanical and durability performance of graphene nanoplatelet modified PVA fiber reinforced cementitious composites using response surface methodology

  • Muhammad Basit Khan1,
  • Muhammad Umer2,
  • Paul O. Awoyera3,
  • Nasir Shafiq1,
  • Wisal Ahmed4,
  • Olaolu George Fadugba5,6 &
  • …
  • Marwa Mohsen7 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Engineering
  • Materials science

Abstract

This study explores the hybrid reinforcement of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCCs) with graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers to enhance their mechanical, durability, and strain-hardening performance. A comprehensive experimental program, supported by Response Surface Methodology (RSM), was conducted to evaluate and model the behavior of FRCCs under varying GNP dosages. Key properties, including compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, impact resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption, and dry density, were investigated. Results revealed that incorporating 0.15% GNP with 1% PVA fibers increased compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength by 43.7%, 21.6%, and 22.4%, respectively, while also improving impact resistance and material densification. The addition of GNPs effectively reduced porosity and enhanced durability, whereas PVA fibers contributed to strain-hardening behavior. The integration of experimental testing with RSM-based predictive modeling demonstrates a reliable pathway for optimizing GNPs in FRCCs, offering insights for the development of durable and sustainable construction materials.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

FA:

Fly ash

FRCCs:

Fiber - reinforced cementitious composites

GNPs:

Graphene nano - platelets

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

STS:

Split tensile strengh

SF:

Silica fume

CS:

Compressive strength

UPV:

Ultrasonic pulse velocity

WA:

Water absorption

DD:

Dry desnsity

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

FS:

Flexural strength

RSM:

Response surface methodology

MOE:

Modulus of elasticity

SCMs:

Supplementary cementitious materials

IR:

Impact resistance

TS:

Tensile strength

Ρ:

Density

ARD%:

Absolute relative difference in percentage

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Funding

No funding was received for conducting this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Perak, Malaysia

    Muhammad Basit Khan & Nasir Shafiq

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan, Karachi

    Muhammad Umer

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia

    Paul O. Awoyera

  4. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, China

    Wisal Ahmed

  5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology , Akure, Nigeria

    Olaolu George Fadugba

  6. Department of Civil Engineering, Kabale University, Kabale Municipality, P.O Box 317, Kabale, Uganda

    Olaolu George Fadugba

  7. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia

    Marwa Mohsen

Authors
  1. Muhammad Basit Khan
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  2. Muhammad Umer
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  3. Paul O. Awoyera
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Contributions

**MBK** - Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original draft, Review and editing, **MU** - Methodology, investigation, Review and editing, **POA** - Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, writing original draft, Review and editing, **NS** - Methodology, investigation, Review and editing, **WA** - Methodology, investigation, Review and editing, **OGF** - Methodology, investigation, Review and editing, **MM** - Methodology, Investigation, Review and editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Paul O. Awoyera, Wisal Ahmed or Olaolu George Fadugba.

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Khan, M.B., Umer, M., Awoyera, P.O. et al. Optimization of mechanical and durability performance of graphene nanoplatelet modified PVA fiber reinforced cementitious composites using response surface methodology. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36693-x

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  • Received: 07 September 2025

  • Accepted: 14 January 2026

  • Published: 19 January 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36693-x

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Keywords

  • Fiber-reinforced cementitious composites
  • Graphene nano-platelets
  • Mechanical properties
  • Durability
  • RSM
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