Fig. 1

(a) thermoforming machine (MINISTAR S, Scheu Dental, Germany), (b) thermoformed sheet on simulation model, (c) punching unit for ASTM D638-5 Specimen (WL1200J, WITHLAB Co., Ltd, South Korea), (d) specimen dimensions for ASTM D638 Type 5 test standard, (e) custom-designed cutting press for ASTM D638 Type 5, and (f) trimmed thermoformed specimens ready for tensile testing.