Table 3 Comparison of Pre- and Post-Intervention peak torque at 60°/s for the knee joint within the group (unit: N·m; M ± SD).

	groups	pre-intervention	post-intervention	t	p	Cohen’s d
Left knee flexion	30 Hz	99 ± 6.56	108.56 ± 6.51	−5.71	< 0.01^##	1.46
	50 Hz	98.56 ± 10.09	117.92 ± 5.94	−7.77	< 0.01^##	1.92
	control participants	95.08 ± 5.92	96.2 ± 6.10	−7.0	0.493	0.19
Right knee flexion	30 Hz	102.88 ± 5.31	114.08 ± 5.23	−6.81	< 0.01^##	2.11
	50 Hz	100.72 ± 9.03	118.64 ± 5.82	−10.50	< 0.01^##	1.98
	control participants	96.52 ± 6.36	98.64 ± 6.40	−1.11	0.277	0.33
Left knee extension	30 Hz	204.28 ± 8.35	214.68 ± 7.72	−4.90	< 0.01^##	1.25
	50 Hz	202.04 ± 23.15	214.84 ± 8.32	−2.53	0.018^#	0.55
	control participants	205.36 ± 6.26	208.52 ± 6.70	−1.60	0.125	0.50
Right knee extension	30 Hz	203.36 ± 22.17	217.28 ± 10.53	−3.55	0.002^##	0.63
	50 Hz	205.12 ± 9.18	222.08 ± 7.59	−6.85	< 0.01^##	1.85
	control participants	203 ± 6.53	204.92 ± 5.28	−2.69	0.013^#	0.29

(Note: “#” and “##” denote the results of paired-samples t-tests conducted within each group to compare pre- and post-intervention values. # p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, and ## p < 0.01 indicates a highly significant difference. Cohen’s d is provided as the effect size for within-group comparisons.According to conventional thresholds, Cohen’s d values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 represent small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively.).

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