Table 7 Within-Group comparison of knee joint total work at 180°/s Pre- and Post-Intervention (unit: J; M ± SD).

	groups	pre-intervention	post-intervention	t	p	Cohen’s d
Left knee flexion	30 Hz	84.56 ± 6.81	91.16 ± 5.74	−11.051	< 0.01^##	0.97
	50 Hz	84.44 ± 4.42	93.40 ± 3.99	−13.141	< 0.01^##	2.03
	control participants	83.60 ± 4.98	85.68 ± 4.41	−1.566	0.130	0.42
Right knee flexion	30 Hz	84.24 ± 7.87	93.80 ± 5.98	−14.99	< 0.01^##	1.21
	50 Hz	85.20 ± 4.25	96.48 ± 4.58	−37.939	< 0.01^##	2.65
	control participants	85.44 ± 3.00	87.80 ± 4.44	−2.293	0.031^#	0.79
Left knee extension	30 Hz	136.20 ± 3.30	148.08 ± 6.08	−10.722	< 0.01^##	3.60
	50 Hz	135.32 ± 2.87	149.20 ± 4.05	−22.101	< 0.01^##	4.84
	control participants	135.64 ± 2.61	138.64 ± 2.66	−4.575	< 0.01^##	1.15
Right knee extension	30 Hz	140.64 ± 9.57	151.64 ± 10.15	−15.016	< 0.01^##	1.15
	50 Hz	136.52 ± 2.80	156.60 ± 3.92	−26.148	< 0.01^##	7.17
	control participants	138.04 ± 3.30	139.60 ± 3.20	−1.615	0.119	0.47

(Note: “#” and “##” denote the results of paired-samples t-tests conducted within each group to compare pre- and post-intervention values. # p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, and ## p < 0.01 indicates a highly significant difference. Cohen’s d is provided as the effect size for within-group comparisons.According to conventional thresholds, Cohen’s d values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 represent small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively.).

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