Table 2 Physical parameters of the nano-oxides.

From: Effect and microscopic mechanism of nano-oxide modified cement solidified silty soft soil

Material

Average particle size (nm)

Specific surface area (m²/g)

Main surface functional groups

Nano-SiOâ‚‚ (NS)

15

200

Silanol (Si–OH)

γ-nano-Al2O3 (NA)

20

130

Aluminol (Al–OH)

Nano-Fe₃O₄ (NF)

25

70

Hydroxyl (–OH)

Nano-MgO (NM)

40

50

Hydroxyl (–OH)