Fig. 6
Classification of height-for-age according to WHO: temporal trend and difference between cities. Height-for-age was classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) references by calendar years from 2018 to 2024 and by cities (HCP= Hochiminh city, HHN= Hanoi, HHP= Haiphong). Stunting was height-for-age <-2 SD of the WHO Child growth standards median. Extreme tallness was height-for-age >+3 SD of the WHO Child growth standards median. (a) Temporal trend from 2018 to 2024 for males and females from 18 months to 5 years of age. (b) Temporal trend from 2018 to 2024 for males and females from 5 years to 18 years of age. (c) Difference between the three cites Hochiminh (HCP), Hanoi (HHN), Haiphong (HHP) for males and females from 18 months to 5 years of age. (d) Difference between the three cites Hochiminh (HCP), Hanoi (HHN), Haiphong (HHP) for males and females from 5 years to 18 years of age. SD: Standard deviation. *Statistical significance for temporal trend or statistical significance for difference between cities. Cochran-Armitage test for trend in proportion was used to evaluate the trend of height, weight, and BMI categories over calendar year. Chi-squared test was used to test the difference in proportion between cities.
