Table 2 Maternal psychological distress (K6) and ASD among 6-year-old children; Crude analyses.

From: Sex-specific associations between maternal prenatal and postnatal psychological distress and autism spectrum disorder in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Boys (total n = 32,417)

ASD in boys (n = 1219)

Maternal K6

M-T1

M-T2

C-1y

n

n

%

COR

95%CI

P value

≤ 4

≤ 4

≤ 4

17,530

530

3.02

Ref

  

≥ 5

≤ 4

≤ 4

3168

126

3.98

1.33

1.09–1.62

0.01

≤ 4

≥ 5

≤ 4

2238

61

2.73

0.90

0.69–1.18

0.44

≤ 4

≤ 4

≥ 5

1924

94

4.89

1.65

1.32–2.06

< 0.001

≥ 5

≥ 5

≤ 4

2517

110

4.37

1.47

1.19–1.81

< 0.001

≥ 5

≤ 4

≥ 5

1174

65

5.54

1.88

1.44–2.45

< 0.001

≤ 4

≥ 5

≥ 5

896

51

5.69

1.94

1.44–2.60

< 0.001

≥ 5

≥ 5

≥ 5

2970

182

6.13

2.09

1.76–2.49

< 0.001

Girls (total, n = 30,996)

ASD in girls (n = 322)

Maternal K6

M-T1

M-T2

C-1y

n

n

%

COR

95%CI

P value

≤ 4

≤ 4

≤ 4

16,683

135

0.81

ref

  

≥ 5

≤ 4

≤ 4

3200

21

0.66

0.81

0.51–1.28

0.37

≤ 4

≥ 5

≤ 4

2064

24

1.16

1.44

0.93–2.23

0.10

≤ 4

≤ 4

≥ 5

1807

20

1.11

1.37

0.86–2.20

0.19

≥ 5

≥ 5

≤ 4

2454

32

1.30

1.62

1.10–2.39

0.02

≥ 5

≤ 4

≥ 5

1131

19

1.68

2.09

1.29–3.40

0.003

≤ 4

≥ 5

≥ 5

865

14

1.62

2.02

1.16–3.51

0.01

≥ 5

≥ 5

≥ 5

2792

57

2.04

2.56

1.87–3.49

< 0.001

  1. K6 the Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale, ASD autism spectrum disorder, COR crude odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
  2. Boys: M-T1; median 15.0 (interquartile range 12.1–18.6) pregnant weeks, M-T2; median 27.3 (interquartile range 25.1–30.0) pregnant weeks. C-1y; 1 year postpartum.
  3. Girls: M-T1; median 15.0 (interquartile range 12.3–18.6) pregnant weeks, M-T2; median 27.3 (interquartile range 25.1–30.0) pregnant weeks. C-1y; 1 year postpartum.
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