Table 3 Maternal psychological distress (K6) and ASD among 6-year-old children; Multivariate logistic regression analyses.

From: Sex-specific associations between maternal prenatal and postnatal psychological distress and autism spectrum disorder in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Boys

  

Maternal K6

ASD in boys

Stepwise method*

M-T1

M-T2

C-1y

AOR

95%CI

P value

AOR

95%CI

P value

≤ 4

≤ 4

≤ 4

ref

  

ref

  

≥ 5

≤ 4

≤ 4

1.23

1.01–1.50

0.04

1.24

1.01–1.51

0.04

≤ 4

≥ 5

≤ 4

0.85

0.65–1.12

0.25

0.86

0.65–1.12

0.27

≤ 4

≤ 4

≥ 5

1.51

1.20–1.90

< 0.001

1.54

1.22–1.93

< 0.001

≥ 5

≥ 5

≤ 4

1.32

1.07–1.64

0.01

1.31

1.06–1.62

0.01

≥ 5

≤ 4

≥ 5

1.68

1.29–2.20

< 0.001

1.70

1.30–2.22

< 0.001

≤ 4

≥ 5

≥ 5

1.85

1.37–2.49

< 0.001

1.86

1.38–2.51

< 0.001

≥ 5

≥ 5

≥ 5

1.72

1.43–2.07

< 0.001

1.74

1.45–2.08

< 0.001

Girls

  

Maternal K6

ASD in girls

Stepwise method**

M-T1

M-T2

C-1y

AOR

95%CI

P value

AOR

95%CI

P value

≤ 4

≤ 4

≤ 4

ref

  

ref

  

≥ 5

≤ 4

≤ 4

0.73

0.46–1.16

0.19

0.75

0.47–1.19

0.22

≤ 4

≥ 5

≤ 4

1.24

0.80–1.92

0.35

1.30

0.84–2.02

0.24

≤ 4

≤ 4

≥ 5

1.26

0.78–2.03

0.34

1.30

0.81–2.09

0.27

≥ 5

≥ 5

≤ 4

1.33

0.90–1.98

0.16

1.37

0.92–2.02

0.12

≥ 5

≤ 4

≥ 5

1.87

1.15–3.06

0.01

1.93

1.18–3.14

0.01

≤ 4

≥ 5

≥ 5

1.81

1.03–3.17

0.04

1.82

1.04–3.17

0.04

≥ 5

≥ 5

≥ 5

1.91

1.37–2.66

< 0.001

2.06

1.49–2.84

< 0.001

  1. K6 The Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale , ASD autism spectrum disorder, AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. Boys: M-T1; median 15.0 (interquartile range 12.1–18.6) pregnant weeks,
  3. M-T2; median 27.3 (interquartile range 25.1–30.0) pregnant weeks. C-1y; 1 year postpartum.
  4. Girls: M-T1; median 15.0 (interquartile range 12.3–18.6) pregnant weeks,
  5. M-T2; median 27.3 (interquartile range 25.1–30.0) pregnant weeks. C-1y; 1 year postpartum.
  6. Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, paternal age at conception, maternal body mass index (kg/m2) before pregnancy, parity, marital status, treatment for infertility, unexpected pregnancies, maternal academic history, paternal academic history, maternal job during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, paternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, household income during pregnancy, maternal neuropsychiatric disorders, maternal Autism Spectrum Quotient Japanese version 10 ≥ 7, psychoactive drugs use, folic supplements use, multivitamin supplements use, pregnancy complications, obstetric labour complications, birth weight of children, chromosome abnormalities of children, gestational age at delivery, breast feeding.
  7. *Stepwise method for Boys;
  8. Variable selection was performed using a stepwise method: maternal age at delivery, paternal age at conception, maternal body mass index (kg/m2) before pregnancy, parity, maternal job during pregnancy, paternal smoking during pregnancy, household income during pregnancy, maternal neuropsychiatric disorders, maternal Autism Spectrum Quotient Japanese version 10 ≥ 7, obstetric labour complications, birth weight of children, chromosome abnormalities of children, and breast feeding.
  9. **Stepwise method for Girls.
  10. Variable selection was performed using a stepwise method: maternal body mass index (kg/m2) before pregnancy, maternal academic history, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, household income during pregnancy, maternal neuropsychiatric disorders, pregnancy complications, obstetric labour complications, birth weight of children, chromosome abnormalities of children, gestational age at delivery, and breast feeding.
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