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Choice of lipid supplementation for in vitro erythroid cell culture impacts reticulocyte yield and characteristics
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  • Published: 29 January 2026

Choice of lipid supplementation for in vitro erythroid cell culture impacts reticulocyte yield and characteristics

  • C. M. Freire1,
  • N. R. King1,
  • M. Dzieciatkowska2,
  • D. Stephenson2,
  • J. G. G. Dobbe3,
  • G. J. Streekstra3,
  • A. D’Alessandro2,
  • T. J. Satchwell4 na1 &
  • …
  • A. M. Toye1 na1 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Biochemistry
  • Biological techniques
  • Biotechnology
  • Cell biology

Abstract

Lipids, particularly cholesterol, are critical components of red blood cell (RBC) membranes, influencing protein function, cell stability, and deformability. Reticulocytes (young RBC) derived from in vitro erythroid cultures have been reported to possess less cholesterol than their native counterparts, compromising their functional integrity and lifespan. However, variability in starting materials and culture protocols between studies has hindered definitive conclusions regarding the nature and consequences of this lipid deficiency. Here, we evaluated the influence of lipid sources on reticulocyte quality using a well-established CD34⁺ erythroid culture system. We compared the use of human AB serum and Octaplas (solvent/detergent (S/D)-extracted pooled plasma) as lipid sources. Our results reveal that S/D-extracted plasma leads to cholesterol-deficient reticulocytes with impaired characteristics, including reduced filtration yield, heightened osmotic fragility, and altered PIEZO1 activity. In contrast, AB serum supported the generation of functionally stable reticulocytes, with cholesterol supplementation required to rescue the majority of defects observed with culturing erythroid cells with plasma alone. Importantly, this study provides the first integrated lipidomic, metabolomic, and proteomic characterisation of in vitro-derived reticulocytes cultured under distinct lipid conditions. These multi-omic datasets offer new insights into the consequences of reduced lipid availability during erythroid culture and offer new insights into how culture media affects the development and functionality of lab grown blood.

Data availability

The proteomics data set is available at MassIVE. The MassIVE identifier is MSV000094204, and can be accessed directly through the link [https://massive.ucsd.edu/ProteoSAFe/private-dataset.jsp?task=ab88082fec2b43b2952a16535b013127] . The relevant samples include cultured reticulocytes ( *cultured_reticulocytes_07* to *_15* ), with subsets as follows: 07-09 cultured in AB serum, 10-12 in plasma, and 13-15 in plasma supplemented with CRL. Samples *RBCs_16* to *_18* correspond to erythrocyte controls.The metabolomics and lipidomics data sets are available at the National Institutes of Health Common Fund’s National Metabolomics Data Repository website, the Metabolomics Workbench, [https://www.metabolomicsworkbench.org] for which it has been assigned study ID ST003108. Samples under Assay 01CF19 are pertinent to this manuscript, following the same subsets are detailed above (see last number on *local_sample_id* for correct sample identification).

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Funding

This study was supported through funding provided by the European Union ITN ‘EVIDENCE’ grant agreement ID 860436 for CMF, the Medical Research Council (MR/V010506/1) for TJS, NRK and infrastructure support funding from the National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Red Cell Products (IS-BTU-1214-10032). AD was supported by funds from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI) R01 HL146442, R01 HL161004, R01 HL148151, R21 HL150032. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: T. J. Satchwell and A. M. Toye.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biochemistry and Cellular Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    C. M. Freire, N. R. King & A. M. Toye

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    M. Dzieciatkowska, D. Stephenson & A. D’Alessandro

  3. Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    J. G. G. Dobbe & G. J. Streekstra

  4. Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK

    T. J. Satchwell

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Contributions

CMF, AMT and TJS conceived and designed the study. CMF performed and analysed most experiments, NRK contributed to experimental work, including the planning and execution of the P. falciparum assay. JGGD and GJS developed ARCA hardware and analysis software. MD, DS, and AD conducted omics analyses and interpretation. AMT and TJS supervised the study. The manuscript was written by CMF and AMT and edited by CMF, TJS and AMT. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to T. J. Satchwell or A. M. Toye.

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Competing interests

AMT is a co-founder, a Director and consultant to Scarlet Therapeutics Ltd. TJS is a co-founder and scientific consultant to Scarlet Therapeutics Ltd. All remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Freire, C.M., King, N.R., Dzieciatkowska, M. et al. Choice of lipid supplementation for in vitro erythroid cell culture impacts reticulocyte yield and characteristics. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37229-z

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  • Received: 22 July 2025

  • Accepted: 20 January 2026

  • Published: 29 January 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37229-z

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