Table 1 Summary of research gaps.

²¹

Priority-based congestion-avoidance routing

Type-2 fuzzy

Network throughput, traffic load

High network overhead due to congestion

²³

SENET

World competitive contests (WCC)

Energy consumption

Grounds massive package losses, and serious packets are released

²⁵

CoSMP

AES-CFMAC and ECDSA

Link failure probability delay

Not suitable for high density nodes which causes data transfer delay

²⁶

EHCRP

Generative SVM

Network lifetime, throughput

Affected by network congestion which limits the energy efficiency

²⁸

i-MAC

Modified superframe structure

Latency and power consumption

They not consider the load balancing in the network

²⁹

Secure cross-domain access control scheme

RSA and ECC

Computation cost, routing overhead

Complex design due to mathematical process of ECC

³¹

ECDSMR

ECC and ECDSMR

Network lifetime, throughput

Continued to be unable to withstand the harmful elements, resulting in a significant rate of data loss

³³

EEAWuR-MAC protocol

Genetic optimal algorithm

Delay and energy consumption

The issue of network overhead remains unresolved

³⁵

B-DEAH

PRESENT and MOORA

Network throughput, packet loss rate

Scalability is limited, and additional delay occurs due to dual verification in the blockchain

³⁷

Energy aware clustering scheme

CSO

Throughput and propagation delay

Applicable only to specific applications and unsuitable for real-time scenarios