Table 7 Parameter settings for the metaheuristic algorithm in this research.

ROA¹¹

C

0.1

Velocity Factor V

2 decreasing to 0

Convergence Factor a

-1 decreasing to -2

ZOA¹²

R

0.1

GWO⁹

Convergence Factor a

2 decreasing to 0

AROA²¹

Attraction factor c

0.95

Local search scaling factor 1

0.15

Local search scaling factor 2

0.6

Attraction probability 1

0.2

Local search probability

0.8

Expansion factor

0.4

Local search threshold 1

0.9

Local search threshold 2

0.85

Local search threshold 3

0.9

HHO¹⁰

Threshold

0.5

Energy E

|2 |to 0

MSWOA⁶⁹

Convergence Factor a

2 decreasing to 0

Spiral Factor b

1

Inertia Weight \(\omega\)

From 0.5 to 4.5

MWOA⁶⁸

Convergence Factor a

2 decreasing to 0

Spiral Factor b

1

\({CF}_1\)

2.5

\({CF}_2\)

2.5

IPSO⁴⁸

Inertia Weight \(\omega\)

0.9 decreasing to 0

\(C_1\)

2

\(C_2\)

2

WOA⁵⁹

Convergence Factor a

2 decreasing to 0

Spiral Factor b

1

ESTGWOA

Convergence Factor a

2 decreasing to 0

k

20

Spiral Factor b

1

Step size \(S_s\) for Spiral Flight

1

Spiral Factor s

1