Fig. 4

a. TMS-EEG after subtraction of the sham response from the real TMS response (TEP) to left M1 stimulation of conditions 1–4. The topographical plots display the signal distribution of the TEP at the following timepoints after stimulation: 30 ms, 45 ms, 60 ms, 120 ms, and 180 ms. Accordingly, the cortical models to the right show the estimated sources of the signals. The time course plots below show the signals of the responses to real minus sham TMS, averaged from electrodes C3, C1, C5, FC3 and CP3 (centered on M1), as illustrated by the corresponding inlet to the left, and on the right, averaged from the dipoles in the area marked in orange in the cortical model to the left. The different colors indicate the 4 conditions, and shaded areas around the time course signals correspond to ± 1 standard deviation. b. Statistical comparison of the TEP across the 4 conditions. The topographical plots display the t-value distribution from the post hoc t-tests performed in the time window where the cluster-based ANOVA indicated a significant cluster, marked by a shaded gray area on the time course plot below. The time course plots show the averaged signals from electrodes Fz, F1, F2, AFz (constituting the intersection between the significant clusters). The shaded areas around the time course signals correspond to ± 1 standard deviation. The cortical models to the right show the results from the same analyses performed in the source space, with the time course plots corresponding to the averaged signal from the dipoles in the area marked in orange in the cortical model to the left.