Table 1 General characteristics of study participants (n = 4027).

From: The association between dietary intakes of nitrate and nitrite and odds of metabolic syndrome and its component in adults

Variables

All participants

Participants with MetS

Participants without MetS

Total (n = 4027)

With MetS (n = 451)

Without MetS (n = 3576)

P value

Female

(n = 344)

Male

(n = 107)

P value

Female

(n = 2065)

Male

(n = 1511)

P value

Continuous variables, mean ± SD

Age (year)

40.72 (8.68)

40.37 (8.47)

40.81 (8.69)

0.33

40.47 (8.68)

39.66 (6.84)

0.44

40.10 (8.36)

41.78 (9.03)

< 0.001

PA (MetS)

1202.06 (1075.34)

766.73 (721.12)

953.38 (1184.78)

0.32

993.10 (856.12)

981.12(1071.7)

0.55

1181.37(1280.46)

1013.23(1132.90)

0.97

Anthropometric indices

Weight(kg)

73.93 (14.96)

81.31 (16.46)

72.92 (14.46)

< 0.001

81.42 (16.22)

80.55 (18.20)

0.02

72.90 (14.60)

72.95 (14.26)

0.90

Height(cm)

165.24 (9.21)

167.177 (9.99)

164.84 (9.08)

< 0.001

167.99 (9.95)

166.27 (10.25)

0.25

164.92 (9.03)

164.74 (9.15)

0.56

BMI (kg/m2)

26.82 (4.71)

28.50 (4.36)

26.84 (4.82)

0.17

26.53 (4.45)

26.30 (3.66)

0.73

26.86 (4.87)

26.87 (4.60)

0.92

WC (cm)

88.37 (11.77)

94.99 (12.23)

87.53 (11.49)

< 0.001

95.16 (12.07)

93.78 (13.35)

0.007

87.37 (11.59)

87.75 (11.35)

0.33

HC (cm)

103.39 (8.19)

106.31 (9.46)

103.04 (7.96)

< 0.001

106.35 (9.60)

106.03 (8.4)

0.82

103.01 (8.03)

103.10 (7.88)

0.72

Body composition

BF (%)

41.23 (5.88)

49.66 (4.17)

41.36 (8.19)

0.11

40.28 (3.17)

37 0.10 (5.18)

0.45

40.18 (4.99)

41.56 (5.12)

0.13

SMM (kg)

25.63 (3.78)

26.72 (2.89)

24.02 (4.06)

0.33

25.63 (9.07)

24.85 (4.88)

0.91

25.63 (3.72)

24.55 (3.98)

0.79

FFM (kg)

53.16 (10.89)

51.96 (10.19)

53.29 (10.59)

0.02

52.01 (10.29)

51.64 (9.61)

0.81

53.32 (10.93)

53.24 (10.98)

0.82

Blood pressure

Systolic(mmHg)

112.52 (13.52)

117.79 (17.47)

111.94 (12.88)

< 0.001

117.21 (16.95)

121.84 (20.42)

0.01

111.23 (12.71)

112.90 (13.07)

< 0.001

Diastolic(mmHg)

75.13 (8.30)

77.82 (10.12)

74.83 (8.03)

< 0.001

77.40 (9.93)

80.70 (11.04)

0.03

74.34 (8.02)

75.49 (7.99)

< 0.001

Pulse

77.58 (8.63)

78.33 (8.81)

77.51 (8.61)

0.05

78.18 (8.83)

79.36 (8.68)

0.37

77.22 (8.50)

77.89 (8.74)

0.02

Blood parameters

FBS (mg/dl)

86.29 (20.08)

102.54 (40.12)

84.52 (15.47)

< 0.001

100.59 (37.43)

115.96 (53.76)

0.01

83.80 (13.95)

85.51 (17.29)

0.002

TC (mg/dl)

180.38 (38.71)

188.05 (39.55)

179.55 (38.54)

< 0.001

186.60 (37.82)

198.02 (49.21)

0.05

179.28 (38.48)

179.92 (38.64)

0.62

HDL (mg/dl)

46.93 (10.19)

40.72 (6.46)

47.62 (10.27)

< 0.001

41.18 (6.31)

37.60 (6.69)

0.001

47.81 (10.09)

47.37 (10.52)

0.21

LDL (mg/dl)

104.35 (26.24)

110.49 (28.19)

104.03 (26.09)

0.07

103.79 (27.84)

109.32 (30.37)

0.19

104.16 (25.91)

103.86 (26.33)

0.73

TG (mg/dl)

124.25 (71.74)

205.03 (97.88)

115.35 (62.33)

< 0.001

197.87 (80.62)

254.34 (168.88)

0.02

112.41 (58.13)

119.37 (67.48)

0.001

ALT (IU/L)

26.65 (19.82)

36.16 (23.44)

25.15 (19.26)

< 0.001

33.29 (23.77)

40.12 (20.27)

0.05

24.49 (18.99)

26.05 (19.59)

0.01

AST (IU/L)

19.36 (9.97)

21.92 (10.99)

19.11 (9.87)

< 0.001

21.49 (11.02)

24.84 (10.47)

0.04

18.67 (9.07)

19.71 (10.84)

0.003

ALK (IU/L)

173.45 (50.19)

188.42 (47.61)

171.74 (50.08)

< 0.001

186.10 (46.82)

204.32 (50.43)

0.01

171.07 (48.56)

172.65 (52.88)

0.35

Categorical variables, N (%)

BMI categories

Normal

1458 (36)

182 (40)

1298 (36)

0.48

194 (56)

48 (45)

0.76

745 (36)

612 (40.5)

0.94

Overweight

1704 (42)

189 (42)

1533 (43)

99 (29)

50 (47)

866 (42)

617 (41)

Obesity

865 (22)

80 (18)

745 (21)

51 (15)

12 (8)

454 (22)

282 (54)

Education levels

≤ Diploma

1084 (27)

88 (19.5)

983 (27)

0.03

75 (22)

13 (12)

0.69

386 (18)

597 (39.5)

< 0.001

University educated

2943 (73)

363 (80.5)

2593 (73)

269 (78)

94 (88)

1679 (82)

914 (60.5)

Marriage status

Married

3140 (77)

287 (64)

2853 (79)

0.01

242 (70)

45 (43)

0.002

1480 (70.5)

1340 (90)

< 0.001

Single

887 (23)

164 (36)

723 (21)

102 (30)

62 (57)

618 (29.5)

138 (10)

Occupation groups

Office

1801 (44)

197 (43)

1445 (40)

0.22

159 (46)

38 (35)

0.49

893 (43)

552 (36.5)

0.80

Clinical

1318 (32)

147 (32)

1183 (33)

105 (30)

42 (39)

677 (32)

506 (33.5)

Technical and facilities

570 (14)

77 (17)

626 (17)

53 (15)

24 (22)

304 (15)

322 (21)

Security guard

338 (10)

30 (8)

322 (10)

27 (0.09)

3 (0.04)

191 (10)

131 (10)

Socioeconomic status

High

176 (4)

80 (17)

150 (5)

0.28

20 (6)

60 (56)

0.25

94 (4)

54 (4)

0.19

Moderate

3713 (92)

356 (78)

3303 (91)

313 (90)

43 (40)

1903 (93)

1402 (92)

Low

138 (4)

15 (0.05)

123 (4)

11 (4)

4 (0.04)

66 (3)

57 (4)

Smoking

Yes

1695 (42)

222 (49)

1503 (43)

0.95

145 (42.5)

50 (46)

0.77

813 (39)

690 (45)

< 0.001

No

2332 (58)

229 (51)

2073 (57)

199 (57.5)

57 (54)

1252 (61)

821 (55)

Supplements use

Yes

450 (11.2)

46 (10.3)

3177 (90.1)

0.75

40 (11)

63 (58)

0.93

255(12)

144 (1)

0.008

No

3577 (88.8)

405 (9.9)

399 (89.7)

304 (89)

44 (42)

1810 (88)

1367 (99)

  1. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALK alkaline phosphatase, BMI body mass index, BF body fat, FFM free fat mass, FBS fasting blood sugar, HDL high−density lipoprotein, HC hip circumference, LDL low−density lipoprotein, MetS metabolic syndrome, PA physical activity, SMM skeletal muscle mass, TBW total body water, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, WC waist circumference, WHR weight to hip ratio. Continuous variables are presented as means (± SD); P value obtained from the independent t−test. Categorical variables are presented as N (%). P value obtained from the chi−square analysis. P−values < 0.05 were considered significant.
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