Table 3 Dietary intake of participants across quintiles of nitrate (NO₃⁻) and nitrite (NO₂⁻) intake.

From: The association between dietary intakes of nitrate and nitrite and odds of metabolic syndrome and its component in adults

Variables

Total

(n = 4027)

Nitrate (mg/day)

Nitrite (mg/day)

Q1

≤ 482.43

(n = 849)

Q2

482.43–584.10

(n = 886)

Q3

584.10–684.82.10.82

(n = 856)

Q4

684.82–816.33.82.33

(n = 783)

Q5

≥ 816.33

(n = 653)

P

value

P value*

Q1

≤ 9.35

(n = 880)

Q2

9.35–11.22

(n = 899)

Q3

11.22–13.09

(n = 842)

Q4

13.09–15.69

(n = 790)

Q5

≥ 15.69

(n = 766)

P value

P value*

Macronutrient

 Energy(kcal/day)

2674.68 (678.68)

1997.01 (416.59)

2436.05 (454.08)

2739.31 (499.38)

3114.75 (518.48)

3506.46 (458.33)

< 0.0001

-

2040.55 (434.93)

2465.00 (485.21)

2765.64 (544.72)

3110.69 (554.60)

3374.51 (606.396)

< 0.0001

-

 Protein(gr/day)

101.36 (28.61)

69.89 (13.23)

89.00 (13.79)

103.23 (14.57)

123.99 (16.93)

146.05 (21.95)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

77.02 (19.72)

92.58 (21.55)

104.96 (22.84)

117.85 (24.39)

127.50 (28.03)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Carbohydrate (gr/day)

379.58 (105.94)

299.38 (80.43)

355.99 (88.34)

389.36 (95.89)

432.07 (96.07)

466.35 (93.32)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

284.69 (69.51)

349.80 (75.79)

395.05 (87.11)

442.93 (89.95)

472.19 (105.19)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Total fat (gr/day)

87.18(27.89)

60.31 (14.50)

76.12 (16.85)

89.17 (18.06)

104.87 (22.17)

123.91 (25.56)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

68.36 (20.27)

80.38 (24.08)

88.67 (24.11)

100.86 (26.64)

108.19 (28.26)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

Micronutrient

 Cholesterol(gr/day)

277.60 (128.45)

191.24 (83.62)

240.11 (86.88)

285.63 (109.23)

327.03 (112.44)

409.52 (169.37)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

214.17 (93.27)

256.28 (118.31)

316.209 (120.99)

351.01 (161.64)

286.55 (120.28)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 SFA (gr/day)

20.85 (7.38)

14.87 (4.73)

18.65 (5.64)

21.47 (5.68)

24.49 (6.35)

28.74 (7.96)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

16.52 (5.66)

19.39 (6.95)

21.54 (6.67)

23.87 (7.32)

25.08 (7.45)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 MUFA (gr/day)

19.92 (6.66)

13.51 (3.43)

17.32 (3.99)

20.38 (4.35)

24.06 (5.18)

28.79 (6.36)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

15.65 (4.81)

18.36 (5.95)

20.26 (5.82)

22.99 (6.42)

24.79 (6.86)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 PUFA (gr/day)

32.21 (11.42)

22.21 (6.21)

28.07 (7.87)

32.82 (7.92)

38.99 (10.07)

45.79 (11.23)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

25.34 (8.63)

29.82 (9.91)

32.38 (9.69)

37.34 (11.66)

40.12 (12.07)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Total fiber(g/day)

17.79 (5.97)

12.77 (3.19)

15.79 (3.44)

17.88 (3.71)

20.91 (5.06)

25.38 (7.67)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

12.24 (3.04)

15.57 (3.11)

17.71 (3.26)

20.79 (3.71)

27.08 (6.91)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

Minerals

 Phosphor (mg/day)

1165.64 (418.63)

776.72 (228.82)

1001.81 (273.39)

1186.35 (264.27)

1403.43 (326.31)

1752.13 (374.60)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

882.92 (334.81)

104.13 (341.44)

1176.98 (338.27)

1342.38 (377.47)

1576.29 (416.10)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Magnesium (mg/day)

234.87 (77.80)

159.07 (40.00)

202.66 (40.23)

237.84 (44.61)

280.97 (55.41)

352.18 (74.77)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

171.80 (50.77)

208.74 (53.74)

233.61 (55.22)

270.39 (59.95)

340.23 (78.23)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Zinc(mg/day)

7.67 (2.58)

5.12 ± 1.27

6.61 (1.46)

7.81 (1.52)

9.20 (1.88)

11.58 (2.23)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

5.85 (1.96)

6.92 (2.03)

7.78 (2.15)

8.81 (2.30)

10.26 (2.58)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Copper(mg/day)

1.20 (0.67)

0.79 (0.31)

1.02 (0.41)

1.22 (0.47)

1.49 (1.01)

1.77 (0.51)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

0.89 (0.41)

1.07 (0.46)

1.20 (0.97)

1.40 (0.56)

1.66 (0.53)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Calcium(mg/day)

936.89 (362.13)

697.37 (226.54)

867.48 (269.57)

987.28 (281.82)

1118.35 (329.77)

1333.29 (448.39)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

721.76 (285.26)

870.39 (288.98)

998.17 (283.22)

1106.53 (332.20)

1274.10 (427.19)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Iron(mg/day)

19.86 (5.76)

14.93 (4.00)

18.18 (4.39)

20.26 (4.94)

23.18 (4.89)

25.75 (4.49)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

14.92 (3.89)

18.05 (4.03)

20.54 (4.88)

23.38 (5.15)

25.05 (5.18)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Sodium(mg/day)

3184.40 (949.79)

2263.41 (485.64)

2805.02 (508.96)

3238.55 (605.71)

3757.72 (697.05)

4528.75 (935.48)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

2560.03 (685.89)

2926.08 (725.38)

3229.93 (804.42)

3639.97 (914.43)

3945.14 (1080.88)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Potassium (mg/day)

2971.47 (1092.29)

1931.17 (509.23)

2521.64 (479.29)

2986.83 (576.89)

3605.99 (760.65)

4641.30 (1264.05)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

2036.76 (605.41)

2544.97 (620.34)

2942.30 (667.13)

3469.43 (723.69)

4672.95 (1201.12)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Selenium (mg/day)

0.02 (0.02)

0.01 (0.01)

0.02 (0.02)

0.02 (0.01)

0.03 (0.02)

0.04 (0.02)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

0.02 (0.02)

0.02 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.02

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Mn (mg/day)

2.33 (0.71)

1.72 (0.43)

2.08 (0.48)

2.37 (0.48)

2.71 (0.59)

3.25 (0.70)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

1.77 (0.52)

2.13 ± 0.51

2.32 ± 0.49

2.66 ± 0.60

3.20 ± 0.71

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

Vitamins

 A (IU/day)

1782.33 (1623.74)

989.66 (637.68)

1366.57 (843.56)

1765.38 (1227.76)

2250.52 (1896.84)

3276.25 (2600.47)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

934.14 (607.86)

1369.59 (876.95)

1630.46 (1248.04)

2113.80 (1299.88)

3806.20 (2802.78)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 D(µg/day)

1.37 (1.16)

0.94 (0.85)

1.21 (1.00)

1.43 (1.10)

1.56 (1.15)

52.02 (1.66)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

1.04 (0.94)

1.30 (1.10)

1.36 (1.05)

1.54 (1.25)

1.83 (1.46)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 E(mg/day)

3.15 (1.10)

2.24 (0.59)

2.80 (0.68)

3.20 (0.77)

3.66 (0.93)

4.55 (1.34)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

2.85 (0.64)

2.82 (0.71)

3.12 (0.79)

3.59 (0.83)

4.65 (1.35)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 K (mg/day)

152.26 (75.22)

106.21 (45.48)

135.12 (53.21)

152.76 (45.95)

175.84 (69.52)

229.38 (113.58)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

100.07 (48.24)

128.20 (46.87)

152.74 (50.50)

178.06 (58.52)

247.31 (106.71)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 B1(mg/day)

2.17 (0.58)

1.73 (0.44)

2.04 (0.48)

2.24 (0.54)

2.46 (0.53)

2.64 (0.49)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

1.64 (0.38)

2.02 (0.41)

2.27 (0.49)

2.53 (0.52)

2.63 (0.57)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 B2(mg/day)

1.70 (0.67)

1.12 (0.34)

1.45 (0.39)

1.73 (0.43)

2.05 (0.66)

2.59 (0.66)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

1.27 (0.47)

1.51 (0.50)

1.74 (0.68)

1.95 (0.59)

2.33 (0.71)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 B3(mg/day)

27.69 (7.87)

19.98 (4.66)

24.86 (5.11)

28.28 (5.80)

32.66 (5.84)

37.73 (6.11)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

20.86 (5.20)

25.35 (5.69)

28.75 (6.82)

32.50 (6.83)

34.44 (7.24)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 B6(mg/day)

1.38 (0.58)

0.91 (0.39)

1.16 (0.32)

1.40 (0.41)

1.68 (0.47)

2.14 (0.63)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

0.97 (0.44)

1.21 (0.42)

1.38 (0.48)

1.62 (0.48)

2.06 (0.58)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 B9(µg/day)

286.54 (105.70)

196.369 (55.80)

250.04 (64.32)

288.60 (65.92)

341.60 (94.13)

424.99 (120.47)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

195.75 (61.53)

247.18 (62.78)

285.23 (70.22)

335.02 (73.13)

445.05 (110.56)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 B8 (mg/day)

21.21 (7.31)

15.61 (4.83)

19.07 (5.15)

21.84 (6.16)

24.21 (6.05)

29.85 (8.39)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

16.49 (5.33)

19.77 (6.35)

21.47 (6.19)

23.89 (6.61)

27.42 (8.50)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 B12 (µg/day)

3.19 (6.09)

2.23 (1.71)

3.13 (2.39)

4.04 (3.75)

5.29 (11.36)

6.53 (4.85)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

2.94 (2.47)

3.31 (2.64)

4.31 (4.02)

4.58 (4.29)

5.56 (4.55)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

‍ C (mg/day)

117.16 (59.86)

75.45 (27.81)

99.67 (31.80)

116.94 (38.21)

141.10 (55.15)

187.32 (95.08)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

71.92 (29.04)

95.83 (28.19)

112.95 (32.13)

139.77 (37.23)

208.37 (91.19)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

  1. MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid, SFA saturated fatty acid. All data are presented as mean (±SD). P−value* The analysis was controlled for energy intake. P−value obtained from ANOVA test. P values < 0.05 were considered significan.
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