Table 3 Model performance for post-treatment lumbar Lordotic angle, NRS, and ODI.

From: Machine learning models for predicting treatment outcomes in chronic non-specific back pain patients undergoing lumbar extension traction

Model

Post-treatment lumbar lordotic angle

Post-treatment NRS score

Post-treatment ODI

R2

RMSE

MAE

R2

RMSE

MAE

R2

RMSE

MAE

Random forest

0.696

2.626

1.614

0.618

0.546

0.259

0.631

1.949

1.514

XGBoost

0.728

2.482

1.566

0.648

0.525

0.265

0.616

1.989

1.557

MLP

0.572

3.114

2.118

0.643

0.528

0.323

0.201

2.872

2.154

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