Fig. 1

Principal component analysis (PCA) for ancestry quality control in the Chinese cohorts. The plot displays genetic clustering patterns of SRNS cases (red), SSNS cases (pink) and controls (black) against HapMap3 reference populations: African (AFR, purple), Admixed American (AMR, orange), East Asian (EAS, green), European (EUR, blue), and South Asian (SAS, brown). PCA was performed using EIGENSTRAT, with PC1 and PC2 representing the first two principal components. All study samples (cases and controls) cluster within the East Asian (EAS) reference group (green), confirming the exclusively East Asian ancestry of the analyzed cohorts.