Fig. 1

Study area and monitoring stations in the Campi Flegrei (Italy) caldera. (a) Map of seismic events recorded in the Campi Flegrei area, color-coded by hypocentral depth. (b) Zoomed view of the Pisciarelli sector and location of the seismic stations used in the analysis: V0102, CPIS (both near the fumarole), PESG, and RENG. (c) Field photograph of the Pisciarelli fumarole and associated mud pool, showing the highly active hydrothermal system. Topographic data are based on the digital terrain model from Vilardo et al.19. The figure was created using commercial software Surfer version 22 (Golden Software, LLC) (https://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer).