Table 3 Associations between vitamins and health outcomes.

From: Plasma vitamin profiles and their associations with metabolic health and mental wellbeing in midlife Asian women

log10 transformed vitamin

All

FDR-p

BMI >  = 23 kg/m2

FDR-p

BMI < 23 kg/m2

FDR-p

B (95%CI)

B (95%CI)

B (95%CI)

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Model 1

−0.86 (−2.13, 0.41)

2.97E−01

−0.29 (−1.89, 1.31)

8.10E−01

−1.25 (−2.40, −0.10)

8.49E−02

Model 2

0.09 (−1.24, 1.41)

9.19E−01

0.79 (−0.93, 2.50)

5.16E−01

−1.27 (−2.52, −0.02)

9.61E−02

Vitamin B1 (TMP)

Model 1

−6.09 (−7.76, −4.42)

2.39E−10

−5.15 (−7.16, −3.13)

1.28E−05

−1.36 (−3.72, 0.46)

2.31E−01

Model 2

−4.48 (−6.33, −2.63)

3.14E−05

−4.12 (−6.39, −1.85)

3.41E−03

−1.30 (−3.34, 0.75)

3.25E−01

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Model 1

−1.00 (−1.80, −0.21)

3.90E−02

−1.00 (−1.97, −0.03)

9.44E−02

−0.40 (−1.16, 0.36)

4.43E−01

Model 2

−0.41 (−1.24, 0.42)

4.71E−01

−0.68 (−1.72, 0.36)

3.09E−01

−0.01 (−0.85, 0.83)

9.84E−01

Vitamin B2 (FMN)

Model 1

−2.80 (−4.47, −1.13)

4.87E−03

−2.86 (−4.83, −0.89)

1.80E−02

0.12 (−1.59, 1.83)

9.19E−01

Model 2

−1.60 (−3.34, 0.14)

1.23E−01

−2.29 (−4.40, −0.18)

8.50E−02

0.65 (−1.19, 2.49)

6.42E−01

Vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide)

Model 1

3.96 (1.84, 6.07)

1.82E−03

2.02 (−0.53, 4.56)

2.02E−01

2.23 (0.10, 4.35)

9.23E−02

Model 2

2.48 (0.24, 4.72)

7.94E−02

0.87 (−1.92, 3.67)

6.63E−01

2.47 (0.15, 4.78)

9.00E−02

Vitamin B3 (N-methyl nicotinamide)

Model 1

−0.48 (−1.96, 0.99)

6.59E−01

−0.32 (−2.12, 1.49)

8.13E−01

0.45 (−0.93, 1.83)

6.59E−01

Model 2

0.56 (−0.96, 2.09)

6.27E−01

−0.13 (−2.04, 1.78)

9.19E−01

1.42 (−0.08, 2.92)

1.15E−01

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal phosphate)

Model 1

−2.77 (−3.91, −1.63)

2.90E−05

−2.37 (−3.88, −0.86)

7.83E−03

0.29 (−0.77, 1.35)

6.87E−01

Model 2

−1.92 (−3.15, −0.69)

7.83E−03

−1.79 (−3.49, −0.09)

9.23E−02

−0.15 (−1.28, 0.98)

8.58E−01

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal)

Model 1

−1.30 (−2.30, −0.04)

9.44E−02

−1.00 (−2.56, 0.56)

3.24E−01

0.27 (−0.63, 1.17)

6.64E−01

Model 2

−1.17 (−2.29, −0.01)

9.61E−02

−0.73 (−2.39, 0.94)

5.41E−01

−0.38 (−1.34, 0.58)

6.00E−01

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Model 1

−2.36 (−3.48, −1.25)

2.65E−04

−1.48 (−2.96, 0.00)

1.00E−01

−0.01 (−1.03, 1.01)

9.84E−01

Model 2

−1.18 (−2.43, 0.07)

1.15E−01

−0.52 (−2.22, 1.17)

6.63E−01

−0.08 (−1.26, 1.10)

9.19E−01

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Model 1

−3.28 (−5.06, −1.49)

2.19E−03

−3.24 (−5.49, −0.98)

1.80E−02

0.31 (−1.36, 1.98)

8.10E−01

Model 2

−1.99 (−3.95, −0.03)

9.61E−02

−2.46 (−5.00, 0.07)

1.05E−01

0.43 (−1.45, 2.31)

7.52E−01

Vitamin A (Retinol)

Model 1

5.69 (2.41, 8.98)

3.78E−03

4.86 (0.72, 9.01)

6.19E−02

4.20 (1.24, 7.16)

2.00E−02

Model 2

8.12 (4.77, 11.47)

2.90E−05

6.39 (1.89, 10.89)

2.00E−02

4.93 (1.78, 8.07)

7.83E−03

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

Model 1

−4.80 (−6.19, −3.40)

1.98E−09

−2.72 (−4.40, −1.03)

7.83E−03

−0.55 (−2.29, 1.19)

6.63E−01

Model 2

−2.53 (−4.47, −0.60)

3.21E−02

−2.24 (−4.66, 0.18)

1.22E−01

0.70 (−1.38, 2.78)

6.59E−01

Vitamin E (Alpha tocopherol)

Model 1

8.65 (5.76, 11.54)

1.64E−07

7.81 (4.27, 11.35)

1.57E−04

2.73 (−0.15, 5.62)

1.15E−01

Model 2

9.08 (6.13, 12.03)

7.58E−08

8.24 (4.46, 12.02)

1.48E−04

3.37 (0.27, 6.46)

6.27E−02

Vitamin E (Gamma tocopherol)

Model 1

2.93 (1.19, 4.68)

4.87E−03

2.08 (−0.05, 4.21)

1.05E−01

1.04 (−0.66, 2.75)

3.44E−01

Model 2

4.73 (2.96, 6.51)

2.05E−06

4.13 (1.77, 6.49)

3.77E−03

1.47 (−0.39, 3.33)

2.02E−01

Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)

Model 1

0.12 (−1.09, 1.33)

9.05E−01

0.81 (−0.65, 2.26)

4.06E−01

0.17 (−1.01, 1.35)

8.55E−01

Model 2

1.62 (0.34, 2.89)

3.90E−02

1.99 (0.39, 3.55)

4.35E−02

0.37 (−0.98, 1.64)

6.64E−01

  1. The table presents the changes in health outcomes with 1 log10 unit change in vitamin concentrations. The change is presented as β, the estimated regression coefficient with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Each row represents a multivariable regression model. Model 1 was the unadjusted model and Model 2 was adjusted for age, ethnicity, and highest education attainment. Bold texts indicate the significant associations i.e. FDR-corrected p < 0.05.
  2. SBP: TMP: Thiamine monophosphate, FMN: Flavin mononucleotide, Systolic blood pressure, DBP: Diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c: Haemoglobin A1c, HDL: high density lipoprotein.
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