Fig. 4

Zambezi region, overlaid with a 10 × 10 km grid and vaccination point data from the oral dog vaccination campaign. Human population data per grid was derived from the High Resolution Population Density Maps (META), and the dog population was estimated using the human-to-dog ratio of 5.411. Vaccination coverage (%) per grid cell was calculated as the number of dogs vaccinated divided by the estimated dog population, and displayed for grid cells > 500 people with a color code. Insert: Scatter plot of individual vaccination coverages per grid cell in relation to the respective human population density per grid cell. Values above 100% reflect artefacts due to spatial mismatches between vaccination counts and population estimates: in some grids, vaccination numbers were higher than the dog population inferred from human population estimates, yielding coverage values > 100%. The map was created using QGIS (version 3.40.2; QGIS Development Team, 2024; https://qgis.org/).