Table 4 Relationships between erosive rainfall thresholds and rainfall intensity under different erosion intensity classes on forest land slopes across the study regions.

Observation stations	Erosion grade	Vegetation cover (%)	Slope (°)	Rainfall intensity (mm/min)	n	Fitting equation	R²	ERT (mm)
Suide	Extremely intense	< 30	25 ~ 35	1.142 ± 0.254	61	y = 0.488x − 3.899	0.94	8.0
				0.803 ± 0.233	35	y = 0.345x − 6.096	0.94	17.7
				0.204 ± 0.054	17	y = 0.171x − 5.164	0.90	30.3
	Moderate	30–45	8 ~ 25	1.116 ± 0.247	12	y = 0.077x − 0.626	0.94	8.1
	Intense	30–45	25 ~ 35	1.006 ± 0.224	11	y = 0.664x − 6.242	0.90	9.4
				0.597 ± 0.230	19	y = 0.323x − 6.152	0.91	19.1
				0.341 ± 0.082	8	y = 0.067x − 2.454	0.91	36.7
	Moderate	45–60	15 ~ 35	1.263 ± 0.289	13	y = 0.403x − 1.615	0.90	4.0
				0.965 ± 0.234	24	y = 0.259x − 3.561	0.93	13.8
				0.536 ± 0.189	25	y = 0.159x − 3.928	0.94	24.8
				0.383 ± 0.148	7	y = 0.046x − 1.707	0.97	37.3
	Moderate	60>	> 25	1.103 ± 0.327	57	y = 0.564x − 5.039	0.90	8.9
				0.858 ± 0.312	63	y = 0.226x − 3.477	0.93	15.4
				0.500 ± 0.135	30	y = 0.155x − 4.007	0.95	25.9
				0.411 ± 0.145	25	y = 0.027x − 1.021	0.90	38.5
Xifeng	Intense	30–45	25 ~ 35	1.029 ± 0.386	24	y = 0.436x − 1.916	0.90	4.4
				0.897 ± 0.217	28	y = 0.254x − 4.273	0.92	16.8
				0.225 ± 0.091	29	y = 0.175x − 6.490	0.91	37.0
	Moderate	45–60	15 ~ 35	0.893 ± 0.244	9	y = 0.521x − 10.015	0.90	19.2
	Moderate	45–60	15 ~ 35	0.304 ± 0.097	8	y = 0.095x − 3.056	0.91	32.2
	Moderate	60>	25>	1.408 ± 0.155	34	y = 0.842x − 7.339	0.91	8.7
				0.979 ± 0.122	22	y = 0.200x − 4.178	0.90	20.9
				0.283 ± 0.089	11	y = 0.108x − 3.677	0.90	34.1
Tianshui	Moderate	60>	25>	0.704 ± 0.190	15	y = 0.218x − 1.398	0.90	6.4
				0.294 ± 0.103	12	y = 0.163x − 2.478	0.91	15.2
				0.228 ± 0.009	5	y = 0.054x − 1.308	0.93	24.2

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