Table 3 Lethal concentration and probit slope of S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae with green synthesized silicon nanoparticles (GS-SiNPs), emamectin benzoate (EMB) nanoparticles (EMB-NPs), and EMB bulk formulation.

From: Nano-enabled plant fortification: green-synthesized SiO2 and emamectin benzoate nanoparticles synergistically boost maize defense and agronomic performance against Spodoptera frugiperda infestation

Treatment

LC25 (95% CI)

LC50 (95% CI)

LC90 (95% CI)

Slope

 ± SE

χ2

CF

Action

EMB bulk

18.76 (5.32–27.5)

35.9 (22.3–46.7)

122.7 (79.7–541.5)

2.39

0.71

0.267

–

–

EMB-NPs

9.33 (0.11–18.6)

20.7 (2.39–31.0)

93.6 (60.6–1055.0)

1.95

0.74

0.012

–

–

GS-SiNPs

155.4 (43.6–191.9)

209.7 (131.2–237.0)

370.8 (302.8–1241.7)

5.18

1.95

0.084

–

–

EMB bulk + GS-SiNPs

54.0 (30.0–71.7)

102.0 (77.9–144.0)

341.7 (210.7–1226.7)

2.44

0.6

2.14

34.8

Synergistic

EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs

36.1 (14.6–51.6)

71.8 (49.7–96.6)

264.7 (165.9–980.7)

2.26

0.59

0.067

37.5

Synergistic

  1. C, C confidence Interval; SE, Standard error; χ2, Chi-square; df, degrees of freedom; LC25, LC50, and LC90, The lethal concentration required to cause 25%, 50%, and 90% mortality, respectively. EMB bulk, Full recommended dose of bulk EMB; EMB-NPs, Full recommended dose of EMB nanoparticles; EMB NPs + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of EMB bulk and GS-SiNPs; EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of EMB-NPs and GS-SiNPs; CF, Co-toxicity factor represents the combined toxic action of the two tested substances when applied as a mixture. The CF was calculated based on the LC25 values.
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