Table 5 Mean number of S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae per maize plant treated with emamectin benzoate (EMB) in bulk and nano forms and/or green synthesized silicon nanoparticles (GS-SiNPs)-based treatments under field conditions during the 2024 autumn growing season.

From: Nano-enabled plant fortification: green-synthesized SiO2 and emamectin benzoate nanoparticles synergistically boost maize defense and agronomic performance against Spodoptera frugiperda infestation

Treatment

1st spray interval

2nd spray interval

1DBT

1DAT

5 DAT

14 DAT

1DBT

1DAT

5 DAT

14 DAT

Control (only dH2O)

3.00 ± 0.33a

3.90 ± 0.87a

3.30 ± 0.60a

1.90 ± 0.50a

3.50 ± 0.43a

3.70 ± 0.60a

2.60 ± 0.43a

1.40 ± 0.22a

GS-SiNPs

2.80 ± 0.47a

0.00 ± 0.00b

2.70 ± 0.42a

2.80 ± 0.55a

2.50 ± 0.22a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.10 ± 0.10c

EMB bulk

2.20 ± 0.20a

0.00 ± 0.00b

4.80 ± 0.81a

4.30 ± 1.76a

2.60 ± 0.27a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.20 ± 0.20b

0.40 ± 0.16bc

¾EMB bulk

2.50 ± 0.31a

0.00 ± 0.00b

3.70 ± 0.26a

2.10 ± 0.72a

2.40 ± 0.31a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.20 ± 0.20b

0.30 ± 0.15bc

EMB-NPs

2.20 ± 0.44a

0.00 ± 0.00b

3.20 ± 0.55a

2.40 ± 0.58a

2.40 ± 0.37a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.10 ± 0.10b

0.10 ± 0.10c

¾EMB-NPs

1.90 ± 0.23a

0.00 ± 0.00b

2.40 ± 0.22a

2.40 ± 0.70a

2.50 ± 0.43a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.10 ± 0.10b

0.50 ± 0.22bc

½EMB-NPs

3.10 ± 0.35a

0.00 ± 0.00b

2.40 ± 0.34a

2.40 ± 0.91a

2.10 ± 0.23a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.10 ± 0.10b

0.80 ± 0.20b

¾EMB bulk + GS-SiNPs

2.40 ± 0.45a

0.00 ± 0.00b

4.40 ± 1.06a

2.10 ± 0.50a

2.40 ± 0.40a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.30 ± 0.21c

½EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs

3.00 ± 0.39a

0.00 ± 0.00b

1.90 ± 0.38a

2.60 ± 0.65a

2.00 ± 0.33a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.10 ± 0.10b

0.00 ± 0.00c

¾EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs

2.30 ± 0.30a

0.00 ± 0.00b

4.30 ± 1.32a

3.20 ± 0.74a

2.10 ± 0.23a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.20 ± 0.20b

0.10 ± 0.10c

p-value

0.2464ns

0.0001**

0.0556ns

0.6702ns

0.1286ns

0.0001**

0.0001**

0.0001**

  1. dH2O, Distilled water; EMB bulk, Full recommended dose of bulk EMB; ¾EMB bulk, ¾ full recommended dose of bulk EMB; EMB-NPs, Full recommended dose of EMB nanoparticles; ¾EMB-NPs, ¾ full recommended dose of EMB nanoparticles; ½EMB-NPs, ½ full recommended dose of EMB nanoparticles; ¾bulk EMB + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of ¾ EMB bulk and GS-SiNPs; ½EMB NPs + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of ½ EMB bulk and GS-SiNPs; ¾EMB NPs + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of ¾ EMB-NPs and GS-SiNPs. DBT, Day before treatment; DAT, Day after treatment.
  2. ** refers to significant differences at p ≤ 0.01; ns = no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05). Values are means (n = 4), and treatment means followed by different letters within each column are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to Duncan’s test.
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