Table 6 Leaf damage scores of Zea mays L. treated with emamectin benzoate (EMB) in bulk and nano forms and/or green synthesized silicon nanoparticles (GS-SiNPs)-based treatments under field conditions during the 2024 autumn growing season.

From: Nano-enabled plant fortification: green-synthesized SiO2 and emamectin benzoate nanoparticles synergistically boost maize defense and agronomic performance against Spodoptera frugiperda infestation

Treatment

1st spray interval

2nd spray interval

1 DBT

1 DAT

5 DAT

14 DAT

1 DBT

1 DAT

5 DAT

14 DAT

Control (only dH2O)

0.68 ± 0.0a

0.81 ± 0.06a

1.06 ± 0.13a

1.77 ± 0.06a

2.06 ± 0.04a

2.23 ± 0.07a

2.26 ± 0.03a

2.13 ± 0.03a

GS-SiNPs

0.71 ± 0.0a

0.66 ± 0.04a

0.49 ± 0.00b

0.91 ± 0.07bc

1.22 ± 0.03c

1.03 ± 0.04c

0.57 ± 0.04cd

0.55 ± 0.09cd

EMB bulk

0.70 ± 0.0a

0.65 ± 0.05a

0.48 ± 0.00b

0.90 ± 0.11bc

1.30 ± 0.04c

1.08 ± 0.07c

0.67 ± 0.08c

0.64 ± 0.03c

¾EMB bulk

0.70 ± 0.0a

0.66 ± 0.05a

0.52 ± 0.00b

1.16 ± 0.11b

1.55 ± 0.05b

1.42 ± 0.03b

1.02 ± 0.06b

0.80 ± 0.03b

EMB-NPs

0.70 ± 0.0a

0.61 ± 0.05a

0.47 ± 0.00b

0.63 ± 0.10c

0.90 ± 0.02d

0.76 ± 0.04d

0.48 ± 0.05d

0.36 ± 0.06ef

¾EMB-NPs

0.74 ± 0.0a

0.63 ± 0.08a

0.47 ± 0.00b

0.91 ± 0.12bc

1.25 ± 0.05c

1.07 ± 0.04c

0.49 ± 0.04d

0.43 ± 0.03d–f

½EMB-NPs

0.65 ± 0.0a

0.57 ± 0.06a

0.48 ± 0.00b

0.96 ± 0.11bc

1.26 ± 0.03c

1.08 ± 0.05c

0.56 ± 0.08cd

0.44 ± 0.05de

¾EMB bulk + GS-SiNPs

0.64 ± 0.0a

0.57 ± 0.04a

0.48 ± 0.00b

0.93 ± 0.12bc

1.22 ± 0.04c

1.00 ± 0.06c

0.48 ± 0.07d

0.38 ± 0.02ef

½EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs

0.64 ± 0.0a

0.55 ± 0.05a

0.38 ± 0.00b

0.93 ± 0.10bc

1.24 ± 0.03c

1.00 ± 0.03c

0.49 ± 0.03d

0.38 ± 0.05ef

¾EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs

0.63 ± 0.0a

0.59 ± 0.05a

0.40 ± 0.00b

0.92 ± 0.16bc

1.19 ± 0.04c

0.98 ± 0.06c

0.48 ± 0.03d

0.29 ± 0.03f

p-value

0.8743ns

0.0700ns

0.0001**

0.0001**

0.0001**

0.0001**

0.0001**

0.0001**

  1. dH2O, Distilled water; EMB bulk, Full recommended dose of bulk EMB; ¾EMB bulk, ¾ full recommended dose of bulk EMB; EMB-NPs, Full recommended dose of EMB nanoparticles; ¾EMB-NPs, ¾ full recommended dose of EMB nanoparticles; ½EMB-NPs, ½ full recommended dose of EMB nanoparticles; ¾bulk EMB + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of ¾ EMB bulk and GS-SiNPs; ½EMB NPs + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of ½ EMB bulk and GS-SiNPs; ¾EMB NPs + GS-SiNPs, Conjunction of ¾ EMB-NPs and GS-SiNPs. DBT, Day before treatment and DAT: day after treatment.
  2. ** refers to significant differences at p ≤ 0.01; ns = no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05). Values are means (n = 4), and treatment means followed by different letters within each column are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to Duncan’s test.
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