Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Soil–water–crop pathways of heavy metal contamination and human health risks in intensive smallholder farms of the Nahavand Plain, Iran

Fig. 5Fig. 5

Log-transformed contamination factor (Cf), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI) for heavy metals in soils under four cropping systems of the Nahavand Plain. Values represent deterministic pollution indices calculated from measured concentrations; therefore, inferential statistical testing was not applicable.

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