Table 1 Construct definitions and measurement.
Construct | Conceptual definition | Operational focus | Key source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
Social group (SG) | The perceived cohesion, support, and shared identity within the choir | Sense of belonging, quality of social interactions, and mutual support among members | |
Song’s content quality (SCQ) | The perceived artistic value, appropriateness, and appeal of the musical repertoire | Quality, variety, challenge, and meaningfulness of the songs performed | |
Perceived self-efficacy (PSE) | An individual’s foundational knowledge and skill in understanding and engaging with music | Understanding of music theory, ability to read notation, and recognition of musical styles | |
Personal music literacy (PML) | The belief in one’s own capability to successfully perform tasks required in choir singing | Confidence in vocal accuracy, handling difficult techniques, and contributing to the group performance | |
Perceived usefulness (PU) | The degree to which a student believes choir participation is beneficial for personal development | Enhancement of musical skills, personal growth, and future academic/career value | |
Satisfaction (SAT) | The affective and cognitive evaluation of the overall choir experience | Fulfillment of expectations, contentment with rehearsals, performances, and social experience | |
Participation behavior (PB) | The behavioral intention and actual engagement in sustained choir activity | Active involvement in rehearsals/performances and intention to continue/recommend the choir |
