Table 2 Model response examples.

From: Fine-tuned large language models with structured prompts enable efficient construction of lung cancer knowledge graphs

Text

Response

Please extract the triples from the given text.

Given text: After contracting COVID-19 in December 2022, the patient has been experiencing persistent chest tightness and coughing. In 2023, a CT scan revealed a ground-glass nodule measuring 11 mm in the right lower lobe of the lung, along with several other 5 mm ground-glass nodules in the remainder of the right lung. The radiological conclusion considered inflammatory nodules. A follow-up examination in October 2023 showed no change in the size of the nodules, leading to a consideration of in situ adenopathy with minimal infiltration. Subsequently, anti-inflammatory injections were administered. On November 23, 2023, another follow-up revealed that the imaging conclusion suggested early-stage lung cancer, with the size of the nodules remaining essentially unchanged.

Before fine-tuning (ChatGLM-6B):

This ground-glass nodule has clear boundaries but uneven density. There are vascular spaces within it, which suggests a higher likelihood of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia or in situ disease due to its low density. No significant changes were observed upon re-examination. It is recommended to continue monitoring. There is no immediate danger; follow-up every six months is advised, and if there are no changes, continued observation should be maintained.

After fine-tuning (KGLM):

[(“Infection”, “Time”, “December 2022”), (“COVID-19”, “Clinical Presentation”, “Chest Tightness and Coughing”),(“Imaging Examination”, “Exam Type”, “CT”),(“Ground-Glass Nodule”, “Size”, “11 mm”), (“Radiological Conclusion”, “Consideration”, “Inflammatory Nodule”),(“Follow-Up”, “Time”, “October 2023”), (“Nodule”, “Change”, “No Size Change”), (“Radiological Conclusion”, “Consideration”, “In Situ Adenopathy with Minimal Infiltration”), (“Second Follow-Up”, “Time”, “November 23, 2023”), (“Imaging”, “Result”, “Consideration of Early-Stage Lung Cancer”)]

After fine-tuning (KGLM+Prompt):

[(“Early Stage Lung Cancer”, “Symptoms”, “Chest Tightness and Coughing”), (“Early Stage Lung Cancer”, “Examination”, “CT Scan”),(“Early Stage Lung Cancer”, “Examination Result”, “Ground-Glass Nodule Found in Lower Right Lung”), (“Ground-Glass Nodule”, “Size”, “11 mm”)]

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