Table 2 Characteristics of included studies on digital health interventions for type 2 diabetes.
Authors | Country | Population | Intervention | Study design | Sample size | Groups (N) | Follow up duration | Mean age | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(I) | (C) | (I) | (C) | |||||||
Warren et al.26 | Australia | DM-T2 | Intervention groups used telehealth technologies such as vital sign monitoring software and video conferencing software | Prospective RCT | 126 | 63 | 63 | 6 Months | 61.3 | 61.3 |
Fottrell et al.21 | Bangladesh | DM-T2 | As part of mhealth, intervention groups received twice-weekly audio messages about health behavior and awareness-raising | Cluster- RCT | 125,000 | 3798 (PLA) 3812 (mHealth) | 3829 | 18 Months | 34.5 (PLA) 34.5 (mHealth) | 34.5 |
Li et al.23 | China | DM-T2 | A mobile-based intervention provides intervention groups with an app which have features such as medication reminders and blood glucose monitoring | RCT Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) | 215 | 130 | 85 | 12 Months | 47.5 | 46.7 |
Katalenich et al.25 | United States of America | Non-specific | The intervention group used the Diabetes Remote Monitoring and Management method (DRMS), which contacts patients to remind them to check their blood sugar levels and use an automated method to transmit the results. | RCT | 98 | 50 | 48 | 6 Months | 59 | 59 |
Fritzen et al.27 | Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom) | DM-T2 | A glucose meter with Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) (OneTouch Verio Flex) and a smartphone app (OneTouch Reveal) for diabetes self-management were used as part of the intervention | RCT | 49 | 24 | 25 | 6 Months | 44 | 45.1 |
Abaza and Marschollek. 2017 | Egypt | Non-specific | Each intervention patient received 84 educational and 12 reminder messages plus one welcome message over 3 months | RCT | 73 | 34 | 39 | 3 Months | 51.24 | 51.77 |
Kleinman et al. 2015 | India (Ahmedabad, Chennai and Mumbai) | DM-T2 | The mHealth app and a mobile phone plan stipend were given to intervention participants. | RCT | 90 | 45 | 45 | 6 Months | 48.8 | 48.0 |
Fortmann et al. 2017 | Spain | DM-T2 | Instructions on how to send and receive text messages were given to the participants | RCT | 126 | 63 | 63 | 6 Months | 47.8 | 49.1 |
Di Bartolo et al. 2017 | Italy | DM-T1 | The telemedicine system (iBGStar™ + DMApp) (iBGStar) and experimental glucose meter were given to the intervention group | A multicenter, open-label, randomised trial | 182 | 92 | 90 | 6 Months | 17.6 ± 3.1 | 17.8 ± 3.0 |
Berndt et al. 2014 | Germany | DM-T1 | The intervention group made use of a telemedical diabetes management technology called “Mobil Diab” | RCT | 68 | 34 | 34 | 4 Weeks | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 13.2 ± 2.9 |
