Fig. 3

EEG signal from all five devices, recorded during the eye-blinking and jaw-clenching tasks of subject 03. No preprocessing is applied to the four consumer-grade devices (BrainLink Pro, NeuroNicle Fx2, MindWave Mobile2, and Muse2). For DSI-24 only, a 3-Hz high-pass filter is applied to suppress the prominent low-frequency drift observed in this subject. Normalization is not applied.