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High-performance adsorption of sulfamethoxazole and phenol using graphene-like carbon derived from glucose
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  • Published: 08 February 2026

High-performance adsorption of sulfamethoxazole and phenol using graphene-like carbon derived from glucose

  • Lakshmi Prasanna Lingamdinne1,
  • Ganesh Kumar Reddy Angaru2,
  • Bhanu Shrestha3,
  • Janardhan Reddy Koduru1 &
  • …
  • Rama Rao Karri4,5 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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  • Chemistry
  • Environmental sciences
  • Materials science

Abstract

The eradication of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and phenol from water sources is critical due to their detrimental impact on the aquatic ecological balance. In this study, a porous graphene-like carbon (GLC-900) material was synthesized using glucose as the carbon precursor via pyrolysis at 900 °C. The GLC-900 characterization shows a significant Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 935.24 m²/g, enhancing its adsorption capacity for both SMX and phenol. The adsorption capacities for SMX and Phenol were 289.23 and 231.73 mg/g, respectively, as determined by the Langmuir model. The porous structure of GLC-900 enabled rapid adsorption, with equilibrium reached within 60 min for both pollutants. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the process was spontaneous, endothermic, and driven by physisorption. The physisorption between GLC-900 and the pollutants involved was demonstrated via hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-π stacking interactions, as confirmed by advanced analytical techniques and experiments. Additionally, GLC-900 maintained its removal efficiency for SMX and Phenol over four reuse cycles with above 90% removal. These findings suggest that GLC-900, as a biobased material with high adsorption capacity and fast kinetics, holds significant potential for wastewater treatment applications.

Data availability

The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (Prof. Janardhan Reddy Koduru) on a reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Kwangwoon University 2025 Research Fund, and this study was also supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea, under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Science and ICT, under grant number: 2021R1F1A1063793.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea, under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Science and ICT, under grant number: 2021R1F1A1063793.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea

    Lakshmi Prasanna Lingamdinne & Janardhan Reddy Koduru

  2. Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China

    Ganesh Kumar Reddy Angaru

  3. Department of Information Convergence System, Graduate School of Smart Convergence, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea

    Bhanu Shrestha

  4. Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE-1410, Brunei Darussalam

    Rama Rao Karri

  5. Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia

    Rama Rao Karri

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  1. Lakshmi Prasanna Lingamdinne
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  2. Ganesh Kumar Reddy Angaru
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Contributions

Lakshmi Prasanna Lingamdinne, Ganesh Kumar Reddy Angaru : Conceptualisation, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft; Bhanu Shrestha : Data Analysis and Validation; Janardhan Reddy Koduru: Methodology, Supervision, Project Administration, Validation and Funding acquisition, writing review-editing; Rama Rao Karri : Validation, Writing review-editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Janardhan Reddy Koduru or Rama Rao Karri.

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Lingamdinne, L.P., Angaru, G.K.R., Shrestha, B. et al. High-performance adsorption of sulfamethoxazole and phenol using graphene-like carbon derived from glucose. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39165-4

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  • Received: 29 July 2025

  • Accepted: 03 February 2026

  • Published: 08 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39165-4

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Keywords

  • Wastewater treatment
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Porous carbon materials
  • Surface functionalization
  • High-performance adsorbents
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