Table 5 Heterogeneity Identification.

From: Hybrid models of sparse and robust regression to solve heterogeneity problem in black pepper big data

Lowest VIF

Highest VIF

Lowest \({R}^{2}\)

Highest \({R}^{2}\)

Average \({R}^{2}\)

Parameters exhibiting heterogeneity

3.0711

76,050.9483

0.6744

0.9999

0.8372

T7, T11

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