Table 3 Study characteristics.

Sun²¹/China/RCT

Collegiate badminton athletes

20/18.0 ± 1.04/100%male

EG: CCST CG: TST

25 min/3 times weekly/10 weeks

FMS Technique

FMS: squat ↔; hurdle↔; straight squat (P < 0.05)↑; shoulder flexibility↔; lower waist flexibility ↔; body control push up ↔; swivel stability (P < 0.05)↑; Skill: back toss medicine ball ↔; badminton throw (P < 0.01)↑; backhand draw (P < 0.05)↑; forehand kick (P < 0.05)↑; backhand kick (P < 0.05)↑

Zhou¹²/China/RCT

Collegiate badminton athletes

20/22.15 ± 0.17/100%male

EG: CCST CG: TST

120 min/3 times weekly/12 weeks

Physical fitness technique

Core strength: badminton throw(P < 0.05)↑; sit-up (P < 0.05)↑; 8-stage abdominal bridge ↔ Balance: eyes-closed single leg standing (P < 0.05)↑; eyes-closed straight-line walking (P < 0.05)↑ Smash: stroke speed (P < 0.01)↑; placement stability (P < 0.01)↑

Khatoon¹⁰/India/RCT

Collegiate badminton athletes

34/19–23/NR

EG: CCST CG: PT

NR/2 times weekly/6 weeks

Physical fitness

Star excursion balance test (P < 0.05)↑; Agility (P < 0.05)↑; core endurance (P < 0.05)↑

Wang¹¹/China/RCT

Collegiate tennis athletes

23/18.04 ± 2.07/100% female

EG: DCST CG: TST

30 min/3 times weekly/9 weeks

Physical fitness technique

Core stability: supine leg lift (P < 0.05)↑; core endurance: abdominal fatigue test (P < 0.05)↑; supine back extension (P < 0.05)↑ Technique: serve accuracy (P < 0.05)↑; serve speed (P < 0.05)↑; volley (P < 0.05) ↓

Bashir²²/India/RCT

Adolescent junior tennis players

30/15.3 ± 0.8/NR

EG: CCST CG: RT

NR/3 times weekly/5 weeks

Physical fitness

Star excursion balance test (P < 0.01)↑; Agility (P < 0.01)↑

Huang²³/Taiwan/RCT

Collegiate tennis athletes

30/21.9 ± 1.9/NR

EG: DCST CG: RT

60 min/3 times weekly/8 weeks

Technique

Accuracy: BC(P < 0.05)↑RFC (P < 0.05)↑;RFD(P < 0.05)↑; RBC (P < 0.05)↑; RBD (P < 0.05)↑; FC ↔; FD ↔; BD ↔Ball Speed: FC (P < 0.05)↑, FD (P < 0.05)↑; BC (P < 0.05)↑; BD (P < 0.05)↑; RFC↔; RFD (P < 0.05)↑; RBC (P < 0.05)↑, RBD↔

Gergüz²⁴/Turkey/RCT

Junior tennis players

40/12.03 ± 3.54/50% male

EG: CCST CG: NT

50 min/2 times weekly/8 weeks

Physical fitnessQuality of life

Core stability (P < 0.01)↑; lower waist flexibility (P < 0.01)↑; shoulder flexibility (P < 0.01)↑; static balance (P < 0.01)↑; dynamic balance (P < 0.01)↑; stability (P < 0.01)↑ Physical functioning ↔; bodily pain (P < 0.01)↑; vitality (P < 0.01)↑; mental health (P < 0.01)↑; general health (P < 0.01)↑

Meng²⁵/China/RCT

National table tennis athletes

24/NR/71% male

EG: CCST CG: RT

25 min/NR/9 weeks

Physical fitness Technique

Core stability (P < 0.01)↑ spin control (P < 0.05)↑

Guo²⁶/China/RCT

Adolescent table tennis athletes

27/9–17/63% male

EG: CCST CG: RT

NR/NR/12 weeks

Grade VIII abdominal bridge

Core stability (P < 0.01)↑

Esen²⁷/Turkey/RCT

Collegiate tennis players

26/NR/NR

EG: CCST CG: NT

30 min 3 times weekly/8 weeks

Star excursion balance test

Balance (P < 0.05)↑

Liu²⁸/China/RCT

Collegiate tennis players

20/NR/NR

EG: CCST CG: NT

30 min/3 times weekly/14 weeks

Technique

Serve speed (P < 0.05)↑

Ma²⁹/China/RCT

Adolescent tennis athletes

12/15.0 ± 3.8/100% male

EG: CCST CG: TST

20 min/NR/8 weeks

Physical fitness

Agility (P < 0.05)↑; upper strength (P < 0.05)↑, core endurance (P < 0.01)↑;

Arslan³⁰/Turkey/RCT

Adolescent tennis athletes

25/12.38 ± 1.21/NR

EG: CCST CG: NT

20 min/3 times weekly/8 weeks

Physical fitness Technique

Lower-body strength (P < 0.01)↑; agility (P < 0.05)↑; Comprehensive performance (P < 0.01)↑

McCurdy¹³ USA/RCT

Collegiate intermediate tennis players

35/26.14 ± 6.69/60% male

EG: CCST CG: NT

30 min/2 times weekly/8 weeks

Physical fitness Technique

Core stability (P < 0.05)↑ Serve speed ↔

Yüksel³¹/Turkey/RCT

National Badminton players

40/18.98 ± 1.92/55% male

EG: CCST CG: NT

25 min/3 times weekly/8 weeks

Star excursion balance test

Balance (P < 0.05)↑

Chen³²/China/RCT

Collegiate tennis players

22/NR/64%male

EG: CCST CG: TST

45 min 4 times weekly/16 weeks

Technique

Stroke accuracy (P < 0.05)↑; spin control (P < 0.01)↑

Türkmen³³/Turkey/RCT

Collegiate tennis players

30/20.47 ± 2.04/100% male

EG: CCST CG: NT

NR 3 times weekly/6 weeks

Physical fitness

Core strength (P < 0.01)↑; balance (P < 0.05)↑; lower-body strength (P < 0.05)↑; agility (P < 0.05)↑

Cui³⁴/China/RCT

Adolescent tennis athletes

30/16/18/100% male

EG: CCST CG: TST

60 min/3 times weekly/8 weeks

Physical fitness

Agility (P < 0.05)↑; core stability (P < 0.01)↑