Fig. 3

Two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and contour visualizations of \(|v_1|\), illustrating the effect of time on wave propagation for the chosen parameter values \(m = 0.8,\quad \sigma = -1,\quad a_1 = 0.5,\quad a_2 = 0.5,\quad a_3 = 1,\quad y = 0,\quad \alpha = 1,\quad \gamma = 0.8,\quad c = 1.5.\).