Table 1 Comparison of task offloading techniques in vehicular networks.
Reference | Methodology | Dynamic task offloading | Multi-objective | Scalability | Latency and energy consumption |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fofana et al.10 | DRL with Stackelberg game | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
Yan et al.20 | Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Li et al.21 | Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Yin et al.3 | Multi-stage Stackelberg game | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
He et al.22 | UAV-assisted MEC | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Trabelsi et al.23 | Fuzzy logic-based task offloading | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Ghaffari et al.24 | AI-driven traffic accident prediction | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Arshad et al.25 | Blockchain with LLMs (BlockLLM) | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
Proposed System | LLM-based task offloading | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
