Fig. 1

Wadi Araba location, Eastern Desert, Egypt. (a) Regional map showing Egypt at North africa, crystalline basement, Wadi Araba extent, and Nubian Aquifer System. (b) close up of the Wadi Araba watershed showing its extent and main geographic features. (generated in ArcGIS 10.8 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/overview)).