Fig. 3

Weekly Incidence per 100,000 with Loess Smoothing. Weekly incidence of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with Loess smoothing (spa N = 0.25) applied. Notes Grey dots indicate < 10 cases. COVID-19 cases N = 4583; denominator N = 5,728,013. Population denominator from American Community Survey 2015–2019; ZCTA-specific totals of 295 Michigan ZIP codes. 95% Confidence interval (CI). Loess smoothing paramete r = 0.25.