Table 2 Functional specifications of framework layers.

From: Blockchain-enabled traceability evaluation framework for mineral resource development and utilization: a fuzzy comprehensive assessment approach

Layer

Primary function

Key technologies

Data acquisition

Multi-source information capture

IoT sensors, RFID, GPS tracking

Blockchain storage

Immutable record maintenance

Distributed ledger, smart contracts

Analysis processing

Data transformation and computation

Big data analytics, machine learning

Evaluation application

Performance assessment and visualization

Decision support systems, dashboards

Interface

Cross-layer communication

API gateways, middleware services

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