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Waste citrus pseudolimon peels derived biochar assisted magnetic Zn + Al (LDH) nanocomposites for As (III) adsorption
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  • Published: 25 March 2026

Waste citrus pseudolimon peels derived biochar assisted magnetic Zn + Al (LDH) nanocomposites for As (III) adsorption

  • Suchi Sharma1,6,
  • Nadeem Sharma1,
  • Anand Somvanshi2,
  • Abdulrhman Alsayari3,
  • Shadma Wahab3,
  • Ajay Kumar4,
  • Deepak Pathania5,
  • Abhishek Thakur6,
  • Rohit Jasrotia7,8,9,
  • Arush Sharma10 &
  • …
  • Allah Dekama Jara11 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Chemistry
  • Environmental sciences
  • Materials science

Abstract

Arsenic (III) ion contamination in water system is a significant and challenging global concern. In this study, agro-waste material, specifically Citrus pseudolimon peels (CP), was utilized as a precursor for the preparation of biochar (CPB). Furthermore, biochar-supported Fe₃O₄-Zn + Al layered double hydroxide (M-CPB/LDH) has been synthesized by simple co-precipitation method for the removal of noxious As (III) ions. The prepared composites undergone instrumental analysis including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and elemental mapping, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermo-gravimetric (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface areas (BET) of CPB and M-CPB/LDH composites were recorded to be 52.49 m²/g and 99.78 m²/g, respectively. The VSM analysis confirmed the ferromagnetic characteristics of M-CPB/LDH composites. The adsorption behavior of CPB, M-LDH and M-CPB/LDH composites was strongly depend on pH, with the maximum As (III) ion uptake recorded at pH 4.0. The sorption of As (III) ion were analyzed by isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic study. Experimental data obey the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.97–0.99), indicating that As (III) ions exhibits the monolayer adsorption. The kinetic results directed that removal mechanism conformed to pseudo-second-order model, signifying the chemisorption play a major role. The maximum monolayer capacities of CPB, M-LDH and M-CPB/LDH composites for As (III) ions were recorded to be 575.10 mg/g, 624.34 mg/g and 721.34 mg/g, respectively. The maximum adsorption of 88.95%, 92.18%, and 96.76% were achieved for CPB, M-LDH and M-CPB/LDH composites, respectively, at 65 °C under optimal conditions, indicating a endothermic and thermodynamically favorable. Regeneration study demonstrated that adsorbents were effectively recovered using 0.01 mol/L HCl as the desorbing agent. After seven adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption remained at 78.19%, 83.13%, and 91.45% for CPB, M-LDH, and M-CPB/LDH composites, respectively. Finally, we summarize that synthesized M-CPB/LDH composite exhibited high efficiency, versatility and economical for As (III) ion removal, making it a promising material for wastewater treatment.

Data availability

Data will be made available from the corresponding author on a request.

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Funding

The authors (Abdulrhman Alsayari and Shadma Wahab) extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate studies at King Khalid University for funding them through large group Research Project under grant number (RGP2/425/46). The authors also extend their appreciation to Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala for providing the laboratory and necessary instrumental support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College (MMEC), Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University (MMDU), Ambala, Haryana, India

    Suchi Sharma & Nadeem Sharma

  2. Department of Physics (Applied Science), Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India

    Anand Somvanshi

  3. Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulrhman Alsayari & Shadma Wahab

  4. Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Maharaja Agrasen University (MAU), Atal Shiksha Kunj, HP, Solan, 174103, India

    Ajay Kumar

  5. Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Bagla (Rahya-Suchani), Samba, 181143, India

    Deepak Pathania

  6. Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology (BUEST), Solan, 173205, HP, India

    Suchi Sharma & Abhishek Thakur

  7. School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Rohit Jasrotia

  8. Department of Physics, Graphic Era University (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India

    Rohit Jasrotia

  9. Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India

    Rohit Jasrotia

  10. School of Basic and Applied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, 122103, Haryana, India

    Arush Sharma

  11. Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia

    Allah Dekama Jara

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  1. Suchi Sharma
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Contributions

Arush Sharma: Writing–review & editing, Writing–original draft, Software, Data curation. Suchi Sharma and Ajay Kumar: Formal analysis, Visualization. Nadeem Sharma and Abhishek Thakur: Investigation. Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. Anand Somvanshi, Rohit Jasrotia and Deepak Pathania: Supervision. Abdulrhman Alsayari and Shadma Wahab: Resources. Allah Dekama Jara: Writing-Review and Editing, Resources.

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Correspondence to Arush Sharma or Allah Dekama Jara.

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Sharma, S., Sharma, N., Somvanshi, A. et al. Waste citrus pseudolimon peels derived biochar assisted magnetic Zn + Al (LDH) nanocomposites for As (III) adsorption. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40288-x

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  • Received: 07 August 2025

  • Accepted: 11 February 2026

  • Published: 25 March 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40288-x

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Keywords

  • Citrus pseudolimon peels
  • Biochar
  • Zn + Al (LDH)
  • As (III)
  • Isotherm
  • Kinetics
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