Table 15 Comparison of the mean performance metrics of various hybrid approaches on the validation dataset.
Mean metric Validation set: | ICEEMDAN-NCRBMO-AELM* | CPO -BITCN -BIGRU | PSO-BP | QRBI -LSTM | CNN -Stacked -LSTM | CEEMDAN -iMPA -BiLSTM | BKA-Transformer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean R2 | 0.893* | 0.850 | 0.812 | 0.728 | 0.866 | 0.736 | 0.877 |
Mean MAE | 4.049* | 6.282 | 7.589 | 10.461 | 5.837 | 10.368 | 5.798 |
Mean RMSE | 7.196* | 9.068 | 10.309 | 13.168 | 8.696 | 12.920 | 6.883 |
Mean MAPE % | 13.545* | 25.696 | 31.441 | 41.099 | 19.561 | 39.361 | 16.683 |
