Table 1 Main similarity constants in model test.

Density (ρ)

C_ρ

1

Length (L)

C_L

16

Time (t)

C_t

4

Young’s modulus (E)

C_E = C_ρC_L²C_t⁻²

16

Poisson’s ratio (µ)

C_µ

1

Internal friction angle (φ)

C_φ

1

Cohesion (c)

C_c = C_E

16

Acceleration (a)

Ca = C_EC_ρ⁻¹C_L⁻¹

1

Frequency (f)

C_f = C_t⁻¹

0.25

Stress (σ)

C_σ = C_EC_ε

16