Table 2 Certain glycine (Gly)-conjugated bile acids (BAs) are elevated in fibromyalgia subjects with a high frequency of immunoglobulin G binding to satellite glial cells (IgG + SGC%). Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) isovaleric acid was significantly elevated in FM subjects compared to healthy controls (HC). The concentrations are presented as mean (min - max) in micromolar. The log2 transformed fold change (FC) was extracted from the linear regression models results, adjusted for age and body mass index.
Compound | Shortened name | Class | Concentration (µM) | Linear regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | HC | FM - HC | FM high - low IgG + SGC% | |||||
Log2 FC | P | Log2 FC | P | |||||
Cholic acid | CA | Non-conjugated primary BA | 0.0862 (0.00118–1.21) | 0.0356 (0.00167–0.533) | 0.12 | 0.825 | 1.94 | 0.025 |
Chenodeoxycholic acid | CDCA | Non-conjugated primary BA | 0.0931 (0.00112–1.71) | 0.0309 (0.00191–0.359) | 0.11 | 0.836 | 2.09 | 0.015 |
Deoxycholic acid | DCA | Non-conjugated secondary BA | 0.174 (0.00217–1.19) | 0.0753 (0.00286–0.362) | 1.16 | 0.013 | 1.46 | 0.017 |
Hyocholic acid | HCA | Non-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00135 (3.37e-06–0.0127) | 0.000823 (7.14e-05–0.00508) | 0.35 | 0.445 | 1.55 | 0.036 |
Hyodeoxycholic acid | HDCA | Non-conjugated secondary BA | 0.0242 (0.00248–0.0906) | 0.0196 (0.00141–0.0853) | 0.55 | 0.095 | 0.65 | 0.107 |
Lithocholic acid | LCA | Non-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00532 (5.36e-05–0.0349) | 0.00501 (0.000215–0.0363) | 0.26 | 0.495 | 0.86 | 0.077 |
Muricholic acid (nonspecific) | MCA | Non-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00138 (5.64e-06–0.00998) | 0.000583 (1.57e-05–0.00403) | 0.73 | 0.169 | 1.8 | 0.025 |
Murideoxycholic acid | MDCA | Non-conjugated secondary BA | 0.0144 (0.00112–0.045) | 0.0121 (0.00136–0.102) | 0.33 | 0.313 | 0.21 | 0.668 |
Ursodeoxycholic acid | UDCA | Non-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00891 (0.000591–0.07) | 0.00532 (0.000829–0.0396) | 0.32 | 0.365 | 1.1 | 0.049 |
Glycocholic acid | Gly-CA | Gly-conjugated primary BA | 0.297 (0.0133–1.5) | 0.386 (0.0412–1.76) | -0.39 | 0.251 | 1.07 | 0.034 |
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid | Gly-CDCA | Gly-conjugated primary BA | 0.453 (0.0829–1.17) | 0.579 (0.168–2.09) | -0.41 | 0.088 | 0.79 | 0.035 |
Taurocholic acid | Tau-CA | Tau-conjugated primary BA | 0.0594 (0.00285–0.733) | 0.0816 (0.00401–0.548) | -0.54 | 0.211 | 0.78 | 0.189 |
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid | Tau-CDCA | Tau-conjugated primary BA | 0.182 (0.0204–1.37) | 0.219 (0.0283–0.923) | -0.33 | 0.336 | 0.48 | 0.336 |
Glycodeoxycholic acid | Gly-DCA | Gly-conjugated secondary BA | 0.286 (0.011–1.24) | 0.23 (0.00769–1.5) | 0.52 | 0.179 | 1.18 | 0.02 |
Glycohyocholic acid | Gly-HCA | Gly-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00916 (0.00103–0.0275) | 0.0127 (0.00197–0.0503) | -0.48 | 0.083 | 0.87 | 0.051 |
Glycohyodeoxycholic acid | Gly-HDCA | Gly-conjugated secondary BA | 0.0103 (2.54e-05–0.0297) | 0.00691 (5.11e-05–0.021) | 0.65 | 0.239 | 2.09 | 0.006* |
Glycolithocholic acid | Gly-LCA | Gly-conjugated secondary BA | 0.0155 (7.29e-05–0.0751) | 0.0156 (0.000519–0.0597) | -0.35 | 0.431 | 1.17 | 0.094 |
Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate | Gly-LCA 3-S | Gly-conjugated secondary BA | 0.0503 (0.00354–0.169) | 0.0666 (0.00195–0.402) | -0.36 | 0.242 | 1.24 | 0.001* |
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid | Gly-UDCA | Gly-conjugated secondary BA | 0.0696 (0.00513–0.289) | 0.0783 (0.0178–0.493) | -0.2 | 0.546 | 0.57 | 0.288 |
Taurodeoxycholic acid | Tau-DCA | Tau-conjugated secondary BA | 0.138 (0.00805–0.751) | 0.119 (0.00213–0.677) | 0.48 | 0.27 | 0.53 | 0.323 |
Taurohyocholic acid | Tau-HCA | Tau-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00284 (0.000307–0.0181) | 0.00519 (2.12e-05–0.0282) | -0.52 | 0.232 | 0.43 | 0.436 |
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid | Tau-HDCA | Tau-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00343 (2.48e-05–0.0206) | 0.00379 (4.26e-05–0.0144) | -0.44 | 0.518 | 1.17 | 0.226 |
Taurolithocholic acid | Tau-LCA | Tau-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00653 (0.000141–0.043) | 0.0077 (0.000182–0.0319) | -0.44 | 0.272 | 0.47 | 0.393 |
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid | Tau-UDCA | Tau-conjugated secondary BA | 0.00397 (6.3e-05–0.0208) | 0.00502 (0.000151–0.044) | -0.06 | 0.89 | 0.02 | 0.972 |
Acetic acid | C2 SCFA | 94 (58.9–127) | 99.1 (57.6–157) | -0.08 | 0.374 | -0.13 | 0.278 | |
Propionic acid | C3 SCFA | 2.62 (1.46–4.69) | 2.77 (1.12–5.99) | -0.07 | 0.59 | -0.05 | 0.775 | |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid | C4 SCFA | 116 (32.6–283) | 82.7 (28.8–176) | 0.42 | 0.018 | -0.28 | 0.306 | |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid | C4 SCFA | 153 (20.9–670) | 81.8 (24.9–205) | 0.5 | 0.069 | -0.83 | 0.079 | |
Acetoacetic acid | C4 SCFA | 12 (0.861–52.9) | 7.27 (2.72–22.8) | 0.31 | 0.249 | -0.68 | 0.16 | |
Butyric acid | C4 SCFA | 6.79 (3.57–11.7) | 7.33 (3.91–16.4) | -0.09 | 0.464 | -0.1 | 0.545 | |
Isobutyric acid | C4 SCFA | 0.993 (0.585–1.75) | 1.11 (0.563–2.04) | -0.16 | 0.159 | -0.26 | 0.106 | |
2-Methylbutyric acid | C5 SCFA | 0.254 (0.062–0.485) | 0.304 (0.11–0.524) | -0.24 | 0.055 | 0.12 | 0.496 | |
Isovaleric acid | C5 SCFA | 0.537 (0.191–1.31) | 0.766 (0.265–1.49) | -0.53 | 0.003* | -0.05 | 0.848 | |
Valeric acid | C5 SCFA | 0.218 (0.092–0.403) | 0.245 (0.064–0.49) | -0.14 | 0.37 | -0.1 | 0.617 | |
Caproic acid | C6 SCFA | 0.389 (0.0055–0.823) | 0.486 (0.0055–1.09) | -0.34 | 0.353 | -0.25 | 0.652 | |
