Fig. 3

HIIT modulated inflammatory cytokine profiles. (A-C) IL-1β (A), TNF-α (B), and IL-10 (C) levels in rat synovial fluid (n = 6). (D-F) IL-1β (D), TNF-α (E), and IL-10 (F) levels in rat serum (n = 6). Statistical methods used: One-way ANOVA. **p < 0.01 vs. the sham group, #p < 0.05 vs. the OA group, ##p < 0.01 vs. the OA group. Data are represented as mean ± SD.