Table 1 Limitations of existing approaches.

Karmaker, A.K., et al.¹⁸,

Fuzzy Logic Algorithm in EVCS

Techno-economic & environmental optimization

Reduces charging costs,Ensures quick payback Lowers greenhouse gas emissions

Limited to specific scenarios, Real- time grid constraints not addressed

Hasani, R., et al.¹⁹

hMOPSO-LSA

Energy management for smart MG EVCS

Hybrid structure improves multiobjective optimization performance, Achieves better convergence

Parameter tuning for hybrid algorithms are challenging

Engelhardt, J., et al.²⁰

Hybrid Fast CSs with Multi-Battery Design

Hybrid fast- charging station autonomy

Improves system self-sufficiency, Outperforms basic droop control

No cost analysis, Hardware implementation challenges

Mohamed, N., et al.²¹

PM for Charging EVs on the Move

On-the-move EV charging

Efficient power coordination among sources, Provides flexible hybrid energy support

Very high system complexity, Requires multiple integrated energy sources

Mohan, H.M. et al.²²

Hybrid Optimization with Fuzzy-SSA for DC MGs

EMS optimization in DC microgrids

Better stability and convergence, Reduces operating cost

Limited real-world testing, Performance under extreme loads not evaluated

AL-Dhaifallah²³

Modified Harmony Search Algorithm

Microgrid scheduling with PHEV charging patterns

Manages uncertainty effectively, Improves microgrid operation with smart charging

Does not fully capture user charging behaviour, Scalability limitations

Koca, Y.B., et al.²⁴

Hybrid PV–wind system with DNN-based load shedding, MPPT, VSC

Renewable-based EV charging with load balancing

Improves stability, optimizes renewable use, lowers costs

Requires large dataset and training for DNN

Sathyan, S., et al.²⁵

ANN-based EMS with PV, battery & V2G

Financial and operational optimization of EVCS

Lowers operational cost, Ensures efficient power allocation, Improves system reliability using V2G and battery backup

Requires accurate real-time inputs, V2G participation is uncertain

Shen, Y., et al.²⁶

Fuzzy logic with CEEMD

Battery–ultracapacitor energy split to reduce aging

Improves battery health, Maintains better SOC balance

No economic analysis , Limited to specific battery configurations

Kamel, O.M., et al.²⁷,

EV-assisted microgrid control with STATCOM support

Performance enhancement of islanded microgrids

Enhanced voltage stability, improved power quality

Higher system cost, limited focus on renewable uncertainty

Kamel, O.M., et al.²⁸,

Damping control techniques for DFIG-based wind farms

Oscillation damping in interconnected power systems

Effective suppression of low-frequency oscillations, improved system stability

Focused only on wind-integrated systems, not suitable for hybrid MGs,

Makram Kamel, O., et al.³⁹,

Novel FLC and JAYA-based optimal control

Energy management of isolated DC/AC microgrids under uncertainties

Improved voltage regulation and adaptive fuel consumption

High computational complexity, increased controller design effort