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Optimum seeding rate for biomass sorghum in response to harvesting and planting dates in the Mid-Atlantic Regions
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  • Published: 18 April 2026

Optimum seeding rate for biomass sorghum in response to harvesting and planting dates in the Mid-Atlantic Regions

  • Sowmya Koduru1,
  • Amir Sadeghpour1,2,
  • Alexandre-Brice Cazenave2,3,
  • Christian Aguilar2,
  • Joseph Oakes2,4,
  • Benjamin Davies2,
  • Hillary L. Mehl2,5 &
  • …
  • Maria Balota2 

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Subjects

  • Biofuels
  • Plant development
  • Plant sciences

Abstract

Seeding rate is an important factor in optimizing dry matter yield of biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. It is vital to understand how seeding rate (S rate) varies across environments, planting dates, and whether optimum S rate changes by date of harvest in the Mid-Atlantic region. From 2017 to 2019, a study was conducted at Virginia Tech’s Tidewater Agricultural Research & Extension Center in Suffolk, VA, across two locations (Holland and Hare) with six seeding rates (120, 160, 200, 240, 260, and 310 thousand seeds ha− 1), two planting dates [early planting (EP) date as in a full season cropping system versus late planting (LP) mimicking a double-crop system] and three harvesting dates (August – October) to determine the economic optimum seeding rate of biomass sorghum. Dry matter yield, plant height, stem diameter, disease, and lodging severity were evaluated. Results showed that compared to LP, EP increased dry matter yield by 69%, plant height by 21%, and stem diameter by 15%. Dry matter yield decreased with higher S rates under EP, whereas under LP, higher S rates increased yield in 3 of the 6 environments. In contrast, plant height and stem diameter consistently decreased with increase in S rate. In general, a S rate of 120,000 ha− 1 was optimum under EP, and 310,000 ha− 1 under LP, when considering the disease and lodging resistance as well as economics. An October harvest always had greater yield than August or September. Planting biomass sorghum at these recommended S rates and harvesting in October could improve farm profitability while decreasing disease and lodging susceptibility.

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Data availability

All datasets are freely available at: [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jwstqjqnq].

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Acknowledgements

All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Funding

This project was funded by the USDA NIFA Biomass Research and Development Initiative (BRDI), grant “Mid-Atlantic Biomass Sorghum Collaborative to Optimize Agronomic Production and Grower Profitability”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA

    Sowmya Koduru & Amir Sadeghpour

  2. Tidewater Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Suffolk, VA, 23437, USA

    Amir Sadeghpour, Alexandre-Brice Cazenave, Christian Aguilar, Joseph Oakes, Benjamin Davies, Hillary L. Mehl & Maria Balota

  3. Bayer Crop Science, Minneapolis, MN, 55068, USA

    Alexandre-Brice Cazenave

  4. Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Warsaw, VA, 22572, USA

    Joseph Oakes

  5. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85701, USA

    Hillary L. Mehl

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Contributions

S.K- Formal analysis, Writing-original draft; A.S- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing; A.B.C- Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing; C.A- Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing; J.O- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing; B.D- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing; H.M- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing; M.B- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.

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Correspondence to Amir Sadeghpour.

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Koduru, S., Sadeghpour, A., Cazenave, AB. et al. Optimum seeding rate for biomass sorghum in response to harvesting and planting dates in the Mid-Atlantic Regions. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41418-1

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  • Received: 20 June 2025

  • Accepted: 19 February 2026

  • Published: 18 April 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41418-1

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Keywords

  • Biomass sorghum
  • Economics
  • Harvest time
  • Planting date
  • Seeding rate
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